War Worlds
War Worlds
To what extent did the nucleur arms race make the world a more dangerous place between 1949-62?
In 1949 the USSR tested there own atomic bomb ending the American nucleur monopoly, tensions were raised due to events in Europe and Indo-china, such as the Berlin crisis and the Korean War. The arms race arguably made the world a more dangerous place through the tests of ‘brinkmanship' in the Cuban missile crisis. The increased spending, in order to impress the ‘third world', leading to new delivery systems, such as the ICBM's in 1957 developed by the russians, making the threat of nucleur arms a more realstic one, not to mention the destructive power of the new H-bomb and Lithium bomb. However, the arms race acted as a strong deterent through promise of 'Mutually Assured Destruction', Korean War armistice in 1953 being a prime example of this, as fear of the conventional war escalating into nucleur conflict was rife amongst leaders. As well as the evident co-operation between the antagonists, such as Kruschev's visit to the USA in 1959, and the first meeting since Potsdam of the world leader's in 1955, at the Geneva Summit, and the subsequent uplifted hopes of the ‘Geneva spirit'.
Both sides saw the arms race as a perfect opportunity to show the power of their political system. As well as show there advancement in terms of economy and impose this on the so called ‘third world', the side with the most extensive arsenal, or most powerful weapons was the stronger, therefore the most appealing. This opportunity however posed a great threat to world security as in 1949, the US nucleaur monopoly was ended by the soviets, who tested there own atomic bomb. Followed by the even more destructive lithium bomb exploded by the soviets in 1953. Eisenhower's election campaign had been based on dismissal of Truman's ‘soft' approach to communism. As well as Dulles who was a hardline anti-communist, these two together, whilst understanding the dangers of nucleur war, were also more than willing to go to the brink of war. For example in Quemoy in 1954 where Dulles threatened the Chinese with nucleur weapons, this was a very high risk strategy and one that was to be maintained, most noticably in the Cuban missile crisis where Kennedy tested ‘Brinkmanship' to new limits. The delivery systems were constantly being evolved, the B-52, the USA's own intercontinental bomber was made in retaliation to the TU-20 bear, Russia's bomber in 1956 which made the prospect of nucleur weapons actually being dropped on US territory more of a realisitc one. Furthermore the Russians ICBM's in 1957, which in corroboration with the launching of Sputnik, created a real fear in the USA of the so called ‘Bomber gap', first mentioned to Eisenhower through the CIA's Gaither report in 1957. Danger arose mainly out of fear, this fear was used as a means of boasting and bluffing, US spy planes found Kruschev was lieng about his nucleur superiority in 1958, but arguably this so called ‘detterent' was really only limited. The suspense and pressures put on new president Kennedy for example, and Kruschev's pressure from the newly allied Chinese that he was being too friendly with the Americans all add up, and arguably it was only a matter of time before one side cracked. Both sides wanted to establish their blocs in order to ease this insecurity, NATO formed in 1949 and the Warsaw Pact of 1955, are clear evidence of the times.
However the promise of mutually assured destruction was the perfect detterent, and the threat of nucleaur war was to be the grounds for peaceful co-existence, as imposed by Kruschev in his secret speech in 1953. The Korean war armistice of 1953, was evidence that this fear of conventional war escalating to nucleur war was rife, the subsequent summit in 1955 of the superpowers, was evidence that negotiation was being made, Eisenhower pushed for ‘open skies' policy whilst Kruschev wanted a reduction in arms. This however tied in with Eisenhowrs idea of ‘more bang for the buck', the idea that less nucleur weapons should be produced, instead more powerful ones. Which makes it less valid in physcially securing world peace, but in terms of better communication, this marked a renewed sense of safety as both sides were aware that nuclear conflict was the last option and by far the one that need be avoided at all costs. Kruschev also visited the USA in 1959, which marked better relations, although tension was still high when he was denied access to disneyland on health and safety grounds, resulting in him accusing the US of having missile launch pads there. Furthermore, in a conversation he said ‘we will bury you', whilst he was only talking of Economic goals, in times of nucleur tension these words were not well received. Whilst it is argued the risks of using nucleur weapons as a bargaining tool, or discussing the dangers of brinkmanship, it can also be argued, that these methods did make the world safer. The Quemoy and Matsu crisis in 1955 was quickly resolved through threat of nucleur conflict, which is evidence, that Dulles and Eisenhower's nucleaur policy, wasn't just an empty rhetoric. Although Brinkmanship was tested in the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, it can be argued that had nucleur war not been a detterent, then conventional warfare may have been innevitable resulting in a world war III. A Europe which was even more unstable, due to the establishment of communist and capatalist blocs not being cemented.
The idea of mutually assured destruction was the perfect detterent of nucleur conflict. The arms race was, in my view, a political tool manipulated by different leaders to establish themselves in a very unstable post war world. The military industrial complex in the USA being a prime example of how the arms race was benificial for the US economy, the boasting of Kruschev in order to show that he would stand strong against imperialism. The arms race established two blocs and made both sides wearier of one another, leading to co-operation through fear, the Geneva and Vienna summit's being examples of this. Whilst for example the Cuban missile crisis undeniably made the world stand still, and understandably made the world feel more dangerous, the probabilty of all out war wouldv'e been much higher had the nucleur weapons not been the detterent. Further evidence of detterence in action, was the Hungarian uprising of 1956, as well as Korean War armistice in 1953. Eisenhower, Kennedy, Molotov and Dulles all knew that concessions needed to be made to one a nother, in order to ensure the survival of mankind, through containment of the destructive powers of nucleur weapons.
About the Author
I'm 18, studying History(modern) A-Level, im submitting these articles for revision purposes mainly as well as feedback.
What are some movies like War of the Worlds?
Want to watch some movies like the War of the Worlds (the new one).
Independence Day: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116629/
Cloverfield: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1060277/
District 9: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1136608/
Hope three is enough. That's all I could find!
War Worlds
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Can a World of Warcraft Warrior Survive in a Warhammer Online World?
With the recent launch of the much anticipated Warhammer Online (WAR), the burning question in many World of Warcraft (WOW) gamers' mind is how difficult the transition from playing WOW to WAR is going to be. In this article we will examine some of the fundamental differences and similarities between the worlds of WOW and WAR. Will the transition from one to the other be as seamless as many gamers hope it will be?
Consider the story setting
One of most pronounced differences a WOW gamer will notice when entering the WAR world is the time frame and setting. In WAR, you are landing in the middle of an all out war of destruction and annihilation! The concept of peace is all but wishful thinking in the Warhammer Online world! If looking for trouble and a fight, there is plenty to find in World of Warcraft, however in most cases you need to go looking trouble. In WAR it is in your face, up close and personal! Even the graphic visual surroundings help to portray this difference in the world settings. The bright colors and cute bunny rabbits hopping around the countryside found in many areas of WOW have been replaced by dimly lit landscapes in WAR, showing the scars of devastation and destruction left by unending battles and blood shed.
Consider the plot
The overall plot of Warhammer Online is by most accounts much more sinister and evil than what exists in World of Warcraft. The forces of evil known as "Destruction" are made up of some very twisted and perverse races. Conversely the side of good or "Order" is deeply rooted in religion almost to the point of fanaticism. The line between what is "right" and "pure" verses "unjust" and "evil" appears to be much less defined in WAR than in WOW. In World of Warcraft the choice between playing the side of good or evil is pretty straight forward, whereas with Warhammer Online, things may not be as they first appear. Each side, "Order" or "Destruction" have their share of skeletons in their closet!
Consider playable classes
Although Warhammer Online does offer nearly twice the number of playable classes than World of Warcraft, the basic roles filled are essentially the same. You still have healers, tanks, melee dps and ranged dps. The race you decide to play will determine the classes available. So for example if you are used playing the role of a warrior in WOW, in WAR your options would be in the form of Ironbreaker, Black Orc, Swordmaster or Chosen. Obviously this is a rough comparison as each of the WAR characters has been "tweeked" with special racial abilities as well.
Consider rules of engagement
Rules of engagement or combat is very similar in most respects between WOW and WAR. The main noticeable difference is Warhammer Online combat appears to be slower than in World of Warcraft. This allows the defender more time to react to an attack and prepare an effective defense and possible counter attack back at his opponent. One of the most significant differences between WOW and WAR is in the area of player verses player combat (PVP). The role of PVP is much more important in Warhammer Online. In WOW, PVP is just another interesting option, whereas in WAR, only by doing PVP will you gain a special kind of experience called "reknown" that allows for unique tactics and character improvements not available anywhere else in the game.
Consider questing and leveling.
As in World of Warcraft, quest givers are NPCs marked with a symbol, (green circles in WAR verses yellow exclamation points in WOW), who will give you tasks to complete to help level. Warhammer Online also has several different categories of quest types available ranging from the tradition quest WOW players are used to gain experience, money, and/or booty up to an new type of quest called the "Public Quest" that requires players to band together to accomplish an unique objective based on the WAR storyline. Yet another interesting experience found in the WAR quests, is the Tome of Knowledge, which actually keeps a record of your quests woven into a story-like account.
Consider occupation
World of Warcraft Online players have a wide range of occupations to choose from such as mining, leather working, jewel crafting, alchemy, etc. . Not so in the WAR world. Occupations occupy a much diminished role in Warhammer Online, possibly because you are too busy trying to stay alive! Occupations in WAR are limited to creation crafts of potion-making and talisman-crafting and some minor gathering crafts.
Consider a sense of community
The sense of community or "guilds" plays a much more important role in Warhammer Online than in World of Warcraft. In WAR the traditional reasons for belonging to a guild are to find help with quests, game play advice, raiding groups, money pool, resource exchange, etc. has been greatly enhanced. As WAR players advance, so does their guild, which allows for the attainment of new abilities, guild privileges, and rights by the player.
So, can a World of Warcraft Warrior (or any other WOW class) survive in a Warhammer Online world? Definitely, "yes"! There are however enough differences between the two games to make life interesting and challenging, and there is a new learning curve, (which may or may not be initially steep depending on your WOW gaming background) as with any new gaming experience. To help flatten out the learning curve and get your WAR gaming experience up and running quickly, I do recommend looking into purchasing good Warhammer Online gaming guides for leveling and gold farming.
About the Author
Barry Tru is an avid WOW player with multiple high leveled characters. To learn much more about Warhammer Online and view his collection of Warhammer Online resources including leveling guides and gold farming guides
CLICK HERE
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War Worlds
