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Message for marine le pen

MESSAGE FOR MARINE LE PEN

By Stanley Collymore

 

Hello Marine,

There's an old English saying that those who either intentionally don't or are simply too stupid to learn from the past are doomed to repeat its mistakes, and if ever there was a classic example of such idiocy then you are it Marine Le Pen.

Operation Catapult – I don't know if this term rings any bells for odious historical revisionist like yourself Marine – is the World War II terminology that the British military high command gave to Winston Churchill's plan to blow the French Navy out of the water and to kingdom come, and that was most spectacularly and satisfying achieved.

Having finally, with France very much in tow, declared war on Nazi Germany over its invasion of Poland (in retrospect I don't know why we British bothered as Poland in 2011 is every bit and possibly more so now the pathetic, hideous, racist and fascist country that it always was) Britain and France were initially allies against the Axis forces of Germany and its allies, notably Italy: another nasty fascist entity. What Britain and the British people didn't bargain for however was how supine, lacking in moral fibre and backbone the French were; how easily they would cave in to the first real confrontation they had with the Germans, totally and pitifully capitulating like an effeminate homosexual when challenged by a macho male or a sissy on the school playground in the face of relentless taunts from his more testosterone blessed playmates; or how in very classic turncoat manner the French would welcome the German Nazis into Paris and actually assist both in fashioning as well as being highly supportive of the quisling government of Vichy France that the German Nazis then immediately proceeded to set up. But to keen observers of the French that would have come as no surprise whatsoever, as the mindset of Nazi Germany and that of France was absolutely identical.

No liberal by any means and himself endowed with his own endemic racism Winston Churchill was none the less still quite angered by France's profound betrayal and pragmatically resolved not to let the French Navy fall into the hands of the Germans, which would evidently have been the case as the welcoming French Nazis and the country's populace at large who'd obsequiously collaborated with the Germans in every other conceivable way would have had no qualms at all in instantly handing over their navy, lock stock and barrel, to their German Nazi brethren, hence the British insistence that the French Navy had to be destroyed.

But not every Frenchman, even though the vast majority of them were, was a quisling or turncoat and those who possessed dignity, morality and genuine love for their country and weren't, under any circumstance, prepared like the majority of their fellow citizens to prostitute those admirable commodities did heroically retaliate to rid their country of the pestilence of Nazism, Fascism and French betrayal.

I've used the term French in the above paragraph in the very broad sense of its meaning. Like the British did during their days of empire and the Romans before them within the full scope of their empire France had also attributed universal citizenship to all those in its empire regarding in the process everyone whom it ruled as French; and it was these people who were primarily black or brown skinned: Arab, African and West Indian, who now stepped up to the plate and voluntarily and altruistically came to the rescue of France.

There is nothing more reprehensible in the French context than seeing or hearing World War II French Nazis and quislings or their offspring dishonestly cloaking themselves in the laudable and heroic garments and accolades of these aforementioned people, ludicrously assuming the mantle of their bravery and deceitfully giving the erroneous impression that the courageous exploits and feats of these worthy people are really theirs and to which they have exclusive ownership. That's a barefaced lie and nothing could be further from the truth.

Let's take one but none the less a significant example of which these sons and daughters of Nazis and quislings are liars par excellence. The epic struggles of the French Resistance and the role of its members in liberating France are legendary, but who were the French Resistance? Over 95% of its membership was made up of French colonials from France's African territories, both north and sub-Saharan; it Caribbean provinces including Cheyenne or French Guiana; and non-French personnel like Josephine Baker, the black American singer that like many of her comrades in the Resistance was the recipient of France's highest award for valour and in Ms Baker's case given a state funeral on her death from a very grateful France for what she'd done for it. The remaining 5% or so of the Resistance members were white French men, a sizeable majority of whom were also expatriates that were living abroad in France's colonies when war broke out.

So how utterly despicable is it then Marine Le Pen for those like your father who was an active and rabid Nazi foot soldier, Waffen SS collaborator and secretive informant on French Jews and other Untermenschen as they were quite disparagingly described by the German Nazis and their French counterparts, many of who ended up and lost their lives in horrendous circumstances in Europe-wide Nazi death and concentration camps – so hugely effective were Monsieur Le Pen and his ilk in their eradication of French Jews and Gypsies which took their German handlers totally by surprise at the dedicated manner and efficacy with which these exterminators went about their ghoulish enterprise – to now wrap themselves up post-war in the French flag and in an unabashed manner convey the wholly erroneous and deceptive  impression  that they were and still are  the moral and stalwart defenders of the French Republic.  Not dissimilar in this monstrous piece of chicanery from their British counterparts who descend annually on the Cliffs of Dover and farcically indulge in the same ritual subterfuge that they were England's authentic guardians in its hour of need, when the unvarnished truth is they're all liars and had Adolf Hitler made it across the English Channel with his Nazis they would have been among the first to rush out and greet them. Nevertheless it doesn't stop both these group of Nazis from their delusionary distortion of the facts or turning them completely on their heads.

You Marine Le Pen are on record as saying that France's non-white population is an invading army that has taken over your country – presumably you mean France – without tanks. This crass and rather asinine comment could easily have come from Nicolas Sarkozy both of whose parents were Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe; and should one dig even superficially they'll quickly discover that you Marine Le Pen are not as French as you want the rest of us to believe, and the mere fact that you go to such great and unnecessary lengths to prove that you are French without supplying any concrete evidence that you are reminds me of the Shakespearean quote: Methinks the lady doth protest too much! What you and Nicolas Sarkozy actually mean when you use the term French is explicitly someone that is white, Caucasian and European either born in France or possessing French citizenship irrespective of where their roots really and truly are, or how long-standing or short in duration, generally the latter case, their links with France really are. It's an analogous situation to the equally racist and purblind English Defence League (EDL) who quite loudly proclaim that they're defending their "Englishness" from foreign, which is really political shorthand for anything non-white, influences until one discovers just who these people really are and confronts them with their marked lack of English pedigree.

For far from being the English, Anglo-Saxons they claim to be these people aren't even western Europeans. Yes many of them were born in Britain but they are overwhelmingly the children and grandchildren of Eastern European Nazis, predominantly from the Ukraine and the Baltic States, who in excess of 100,000 including their family members were allowed by the post-war British Labour Party government at the insistence of the then US administration to settle in Britain. With its endemic paranoia of communism the US was seriously considering going to war with wartime ally the Soviet Union to protect its obsession with capitalism, and asininely reckoned that these thousands of known Nazis and Waffen SS mass murderers from the communist bloc who fearing retribution from the Soviets had all conveniently pledged their troths to the beneficial alliance of western capitalism would be expedient cat's paws to use against the Russians. But disreputable as this move was that of the British government unquestionably agreeing to the sick demands of the United States was even more repugnant to watch, for it marked a new low for the UK seeing this emergent supine and obedient quisling of the United States that it would become emerge and which we're all too familiar with nowadays.

So having fought and in numerous instances paying the ultimate price in combating Nazism and fascism decent British and Commonwealth (then Empire) citizens or the families of those who died in this struggle could only watch in utter amazement or absolute disgust as a British political party ostensibly of the poor and the working classes and formed out of the trade union movement welcomingly paid host to holocaust mass murderers. Once in Britain these killers and their kith and kin quickly anglicized their names and publicly, at any rate, prudently severed their intimate links with their infamous past; this was after all a Britain where the war still evoked very painful and passionate memories, but in reality these East Europeans were really the same savage thugs they'd always been. Now we have the risible, if it weren't such a humourless matter, spectacle of these sons and daughters of Nazis claiming to be more English than the real English themselves whether black or white. So what's your DNA profile Marine Le Pen; would you care to publicly have it done and share the results with the rest of the world; those who are really interested that is? Or are you like all fascist and Nazi bullies really a coward at heart?

This all humorously reminds me of the saga surrounding Carol Thatcher, Maggie's daughter, and a few others who like her publicly boasted that they were 100% white, Caucasian and European; there was even one woman in the group with an unabashed and virulent hatred of Gypsies and very much of the set view that you hold Marine Le Pen that Europe was for the Europeans, white ones of course, and the rest of the world equally belonged to such people as well to do with it as they chose to. Anyway this group I referred to earlier all voluntarily agreed to take part in a BBC programme where their genetic Englishness was put to the test. Blood samples and the like were taken from each of these individuals for thorough DNA analysis at the world renowned centre at Oxford University that reputably carries out thousands of such tests annually and throughout the process the whole procedure was most meticulously vetted and transparently scrutinized.

When the results came back though and in the follow up programme these were aired to a nation eagerly awaiting these results it showed clearly that even though all the participants looked white and Caucasian they weren't who they thought they were. The female Gypsy hater to her chagrin discovered that her DNA sample showed she was 75% Gypsy; devastated by this lunatic female even tried to sue the BBC and Oxford University for their defamation of her, then embarrassedly took to her bed and stayed there for some time refusing to see anyone, while in the case of Carol Thatcher it showed that her DNA was significantly Arab and what Caucasian element there was in her was minuscule by comparison. Carol Thatcher did take the findings in good spirits which is more than can be said for the rest of the sample group who were all quite visibly shattered that they weren't as white as they thought they were. But it did give rise to a string of typical English jokes about Carol's brother Mark who around the time had got himself lost in one of the deserts of the Middle East or North Africa during a car rally, I forget which now, along the lines that he loved the desert so much and had such an affinity with it that he was even prepared to get lost in one.

Official government figures in the UK show that some 36% of British women regularly cuckold their husbands or live-in partners producing children who are sired by other men information that these women resolutely hide from their husbands or partners and who themselves never or rarely find out that they aren't the fathers of the children they think are their own; on mainland Europe the figure is just marginally lower than that in Britain, around 34%. Now I'm not or would I ever make any aspirations against Mrs Thatcher, besides it's none of my business what she and Denis got up to in their private lives. But I wonder how many of you out there like Marine Le Pen and this virulent Gypsy hater are going around in total ignorance of precisely who you really are and most ironically ignorantly lauding something that patently you are not? What have you to say to that would-be 21st Century Joan of Arc of France, Marine Le Pen? Go ahead; take that DNA test and do so publicly under the same stringent conditions which Carol and the others did and prove me wrong; and the same goes for your equally sick and deluded followers of this woman. Just do it; and proudly demonstrate your Aryan, Master Race status to the world. Surely you've nothing to hide, or do you? Come on! What's holding you back?

We have another saying in England when 21st Century colonialists and imperialists bemoan the passing of the good old days when whites were completely in charge and the Natives knew their place and who now belligerently say they don't recognize their country. Their country? They're having a laugh surely! The saying among non-whites that I'm referring to and which is a rebuttal to this bleating go like this: "We are over here because you were over there, first." Get it? And without the blood, sweat and tears of these so-called natives neither your European nor white led countries would have the riches that they have and have enjoyed for centuries and that you and all other whites have grown accustomed to and take for granted And talking about your country is rather akin to someone who has taken out a mortgage to buy a property or even remortgage an existing one claiming that that property, usually a house, is his or hers. No it isn't! Not until you have paid off in full that mortgage; and I've news for you racists, your countries are still in hock to these so-called natives who you've exploited, enslaved and massacred but haven't in any way whatsoever recompensed them for what you owe them; so talk about your country, to again use the mortgage analogy, is just sheer baloney. You were born in the country, perhaps, but you not only had no say about that fact but here's the rub, you don't own that country. Pay off your dues first and then you can start thinking about claiming ownership.

Furthermore I don't know of a solitary European country whose majority population is other than white; whose government isn't white; or where a non-white minority has set up a colony; but I can name you several outside the continent of Europe where the reverse is true. Try any of these for size: the USA; Canada: New Zealand; Australia; Argentina: until quite recently South Africa and Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe; and the list goes on. And it's not only the land and the resources that whites stole. Tasman Man was wiped off the face of the earth as were the Witbooi people of Namibia, Germany's first holocaust predating the one in Europe and in the same century that all of you know about but absolutely nothing about the African one. The second holocaust of course France actively participated in, your dear daddy would have proudly told you of that Marine Le Pen, but I doubt very much if either he or you know of let alone care in the very least about the Arawaks of the Caribbean where France still has colonies and these indigenous people that once inhabited these same islands once lived before your lot arrived and wiped them out.

But apart from these and many other well documented exterminations there was the systematic genocide of indigenous people wherever your brave kith and kin went. So what's your problem Marine Le Pen, don't tell me that you're afraid that the chickens might very well come home to roost in France or the rest of Europe and you and your crooked, perverted and paranoid lot will be on the receiving end for once? Really! The problem with savages like you, your father and your general ilk Marine is that you tend to judge people by your own abysmal gutter standards since you know nothing else. But I've news for you Marine there are decent people around and with extremely high moral standards and who don't relish or would they ever contemplate living in the sewers of bestiality and barbarism that your father has dwelt in all his life and has clearly and enthusiastically bequeathed to you, and which you're so much at home in.

Algeria is French! Remember that rousing cry by your white countrymen? Yet Algeria is an African country. Scores of thousands of Algerians lost their lives fighting for their country's freedom and independence from France and even when they achieved it France still couldn't resist its meddling in its internal affairs as it still does today in the affairs of that country and other former colonies, the latest being the Ivory Coast. Liberty, Equality and Fraternity; not much of any of these when the people of Algeria made their democratic choice which France quite obviously didn't like and instantly instigated a military coup to prevent the transparently democratic will of the Algerian people expressed at the ballot box  coming to fruition. Now employing the Galtieri effect Nicolas Sarkozy is whipping up foreign wars, Libya is a case in point, to deflect from his poor poll ratings at home. But what does it actually say about France when the French seem willing to jump out of the frying pan into the fire with the likes of you Marine Le Pen? Governance and particularly good governance of a country is much more than empty populous rhetoric Marine.

Let me put a few questions to you Marine and see how well you fare with them being the great patriotic French woman you claim to be. I won't give the answers here as that will make you even lazier than you already are, so you'll have to use what little grey matter there is between your ears to check them out; anyway the mental exercise will do you good as it's my firm and justifiable belief that the only intellectual exercise which your tiny brain ever gets is in jumping to conclusions. Here goes: 1) How many African Generals did Napoleon Bonaparte have in his army? I'll give you a hint, the number runs into double figures. 2) Which African general up to 1798 was Commander of Napoleon's cavalry? 3) What was the name of the great French general and empire builder, who was African, was born in St. Louis, Senegal and could effortlessly have become President of France if he wanted to but chose not to? I'll let you mull over these matters Marine.

Puts a wholly different perspective on your ludicrous notion of an all-white France that owes absolutely nothing to anyone else for its prosperity, culture and development but harebrained whites fashioned in your mould, doesn't it Marine? How exceedingly wrong you are! And while in view of the many contributions that France's non-whites have made to that country I find your unwarranted, utterly self-serving and nauseating xenophobia totally repulsive, let me also ask you this simple question Marine. If you should get your wish and become French president and go on to achieve an all white France will you unreservedly hand back and voluntarily so while at the same time encouraging you fellow EU members to do the same all the precious artefacts that you have in your public and private museums that belong to the non-white countries around the world and which you stole from them?

Will you personally as President of France refund Haiti the billions of US dollars that for over 200 years that country was forced to pay to France as reparations for the black liberationist and military commander Toussaint L'Overture having defeated the French, gaining their freedom and independence for the enslaved black people of Haiti? A situation unique in the annals of military history as it's customarily the losers of wars and the former aggressors that are made to pay such reparations. But France utterly complicit with the United States which used its navy to blockade Haiti because slavery was still rampant and widespread in the US and that country was petrified that its slaves would emulate their counterparts in Haiti and permanently rid themselves of their US slave masters forced Haiti into a situation where it was compelled from near starvation due to the blockade it was subjected to, to consent to pay France huge sums of money in compensation for losing the services (can you believe that?) of its Haitian slaves: Haiti until its independence being France's richest colony and the jewel in its crown. As I said earlier some 200 plus years later a Haiti deliberately made bankrupt by the United States as a deterrent example to its own Blacks and by France out of spite and wounded pride at being defeated so comprehensively by black Haitian slaves has been clobbered by both these countries; purposely turned into a basket case that it is to this day; yet compelled to pay billions of dollars to France for the reasons that I've already outlined.

Can you ever imagine Jews or the state of Israel put in a similar position vis-à-vis Germany and instead of Germany paying compensation to them it was the Jews who had to compensate the German Republic for the loss of its war years Untermenschen (German for undesirables), death and concentration camps victims? No I don't think so and neither do you; as it would never have been contemplated let alone put into effect by Germany or for that matter remotely supported by any of the other EU states that backed Germany to the hilt during the Second World War and that includes France. But these Jewish European holocaust victims are white; those on the Caribbean island of Haiti are black, and as every white man, woman and child knows and consistently has it drilled into them white lives are infinitely more valuable than black ones. So where do you stand on this one Marine?  Somehow I think we already know the answer to that one. So next time that you feel the urge to open it and shout your racist mouth off lady, and I'm being extremely polite here, just think before you do not only about the enormous contributions which non-whites have made to France but also the considerable debt that France owes to them in spite of the treachery to it of your equally obnoxious father.

So please do us all a big favour and climb down from your sanctimonious high horse Marine as you look pretty stupid up there; and apart from everything else you don't have the Lady Godiva looks or figure to be atop a trusty steed since the only mount you're deserving of is a debauched one inside some seedy Parisian bordello, providing of course that daddy who is getting on a bit now can bring himself to sublimate his jealousy and allow that to happen with a stranger.

You want isolation for France from these hordes as you see them of non-whites flooding or to use your terminology invading your country? Fine by me! Then start by being true to yourself Marine. Give up France's seat on the United Nations Security Council and the veto it has there. Every student of World War II who's worth his or her salt as well as those who fought in that war know perfectly well that France is most undeserving of a seat and a veto in the UN Security Council. What have you got either for; for being Vichy quislings? Why not India which provided over two million military personnel the largest volunteer armed forces in the ever in the history of warfare. France doesn't belong with the victors of World War II any more than turncoat Italy does who when it saw the writing on the wall for its German chums hurriedly jumped ship and threw in its lot with the allies. You were loser back in the war years and with you and Nicolas Sarkozy France will continue to be justifiably marginalized as the loser it is, however much the two of you grandstand; the decent people of France, and there are thankfully still some around, deserve much better than the pathetic womanizer Sarkozy and you; modesty prevents me from telling you what I really think of you.

Also get out of your remaining colonies that France still grandiosely clings to; you can't have it both ways an all-white France yet expecting to run other peoples countries and their lives. That means no more Guadeloupe; Martinique; Cheyenne or the Pacific territories that you were quite happy to recklessly use as a testing ground for your nuclear weapons; no chance of that occurring even though they were your weapons in for example Normandy, would it?. And while I'm at it how about pulling out all your troops and people from all the sub-Saharan African countries that they are currently to use your terminology have invaded? That's just for starters but far more importantly from my perspective why don't you bloody well grow up Marine Le Pen and see France for what it really is: an ineffectual, middling European state that's all; trying like Britain to punch above its weight.

And when you've done the above I'd like to see you Marine make absolutely sure that every child in the French school system as well as every student in higher education in France has as compulsory reading in their educational and academic syllabuses an unabridged version of the Sykes-Picot Agreement and the Balfour Declaration and a full explanation and apology for why these happened; then perhaps future generations of French citizens won't be as ignorant as this current lot is, or go around deluding themselves that France isn't and has never been at fault for any wrongdoings to these so-called invaders of it who are in the country simply to take from you what's rightfully yours, never mind that most of it has been stolen from these very same people and their ancestors. In a fair and just world you Marine Le Pen and Nicolas Sarkozy wouldn't be able to get away with suck blatant double standards and hypocrisy and what's more barefacedly pass them off as virtues; but you know full well that the current world order such as it is, is quite corrupt and exclusively dominated by Caucasians like yourselves and therefore lends itself to a situation of gross abuse and exploitation from people like you. That's why it has to change and by whatever means possible; for right is right and wrong is wrong, and from any objective and fair perspective has nothing whatsoever to do with race, skin colour or where one comes from.

Personally I consider you to be a pretty repulsive individual Marine; someone with a very strong, incurable and decidedly pro-active Electra complex: how far did daddy take his little girl? In the UK we have a sick joke about that and it's centred on the terminology keeping it in the family. The Borgias of Italy were similarly power crazed as you and your father undoubtedly are and just as decadent. France is welcomed to you its 21st Century Lucrezia if that is what it wants, but just as it switched to embrace the Nazis when the German tanks rolled into Paris and switched back again when Germany collapsed; just as the people of Romania hailed Nicolae Ceausescu as the great populist leader then strung him up when they no longer had any further use of him and just as the Italians did the same with Benito Mussolini I look forward with quiet anticipation to your own martyrdom at the hands of the French public.

And I don't need to remind you what the French Revolution was all about nor the quite bloodlust affair that it was; and who knows, you and Nicolas Sarkozy, that diminutive in every respect would-be Napoleon Bonaparte, might just be the catalyst to ignite such a purge of everything that's rotten in France and which both of you exemplify in every way. To that end I shan't wish you a long life but will charitably wish instead that you Rest In Peace (RIP).

QED.

About the Author

Stanley Collymore is an Academic, Journalist and Writer.

Namour (Sub-mariner) vs Hercules ......Prince vs Prince! Who would win????

Submariner has the home advantage.....they are fighting under the ocean

Hurcules and well prince vs prince thats kinda hard to decide on so.... plz be more specific.

Sub Mariner
Namor: The Sub-Mariner Trailer [Fanedit]

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Potential of Marine System Biomass Cogeneration

 1.             Introduction

 

Green house gas (GHG) pollution is linked to energy source. Large amount of pollution affecting air quality is prone by reckless industrial development. For years, many think that everything that run into the trio of nature, the atmosphere, ocean and soil is infinite. The atmosphere and the ocean that is providing us source of freshening, winds and current are far more vulnerable to polluting activities from manmade energy sources that have run off into them too many poisons that the air, the ocean and land may cease to serve more purpose if care is not taking to prevent pollution affluence. Human activities are altering the atmosphere, and the planet is warming. It is now clear that the costs of inaction are far greater than the costs of action. Aversion of catastrophic impacts can be achieved by moving rapidly to transform the global energy system.

Sustainability requirement that can be solved through energy conservation (cf. IPCC 2007: 13) are energy and associated efficiency, development, environment, poverty. Stakeholder from government's consumers, industry transportation, buildings, product designs (equipment networks and infrastructures) must participate in the decision work for sustainable system. Recently the marine industry is getting the following compliance pressure regarding environmental issues related to emission to air under IMO MARPOL Annex 6. A world without port means a lot to economy transfer of goods, availability of ships and many things. Large volume of hinterland transportation activities import tells a lot about intolerant to air quality in port area. Adopting new energy system will make a lot of difference large number of people residing and working in the port. Most port facilities are powered by diesel plant. Integrating hybrid of hydrogen and solar into the existing system will be a good way for the port community to adapt to new emerging clean energy concept [1, 2].

             

This paper discuss available marine environmental issues, source of energy today, evolution of alternative energy due to the needs of the time and the barrier of storage requirement, system matching of hybrid design feasibility, regulations consideration and environmental stewardship. The paper also discusses holistic assessment requirement, stochastic evaluation, using system based doctrine, recycling and integrated approach to produce energy. With hope to contribute to the ongoing strives towards reducing green house gases, ozone gas depletion agents and depletion of oxygen for safety of the planet in order to sustain it for the right of future generation.

               2.  Energy, environment and sustainable development

 

                Since the discovery of fire, and the harnessing of animal power, mankind has captured and used energy in various forms for different purposes. This include the use of animal for transportation, use of fire, fuelled by wood, biomass, waste for cooking, heating, the melting of metals, windmills, waterwheels and animals to produce mechanical work. Extensive reliance on energy started during industrial revolution. For years there has been increased understanding of the environmental effects of burning fossil fuels has led to stringent international agreements, policies and legislation regarding the control of the harmful emissions related to their use. Despite this knowledge, global energy consumption continues to increase due to rapid population growth and increased global industrialization. In order to meet the emission target, various measures must be taken, greater awareness of energy efficiency among domestic and industrial users throughout the world will be required, and domestic, commercial and industrial buildings, industrial processes, and vehicles will need to be designed to keep energy use at a minimum. Figure1 shows that the use of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) accounted continue to increase]. Figure 2 shows the contribution of total energy consumption in the by global region. And Figure 3 show natural gas consumption [2, 3].

                . Current use of renewable energy

 

                Most renewable energy development and supply are in small-scale, particularly on islands and in remote areas, where the import of energy sources through transport, pipeline or electricity grid is difficult or expensive. Individual buildings, industries and farms are also looking to the possibility of energy self-sufficiency to reduce fuel bills, and make good use of waste materials which are becoming increasingly difficult and expensive to dispose of Various studies have been carried out into the extensive use of new and renewable resources, to generate electricity, on a small scale, for rural communities, grid-isolated islands and individual farms. Recent studies focus on:

1. Security of supply: where consideration is given to intermittent sources, demand and supply must be as well matched as possible, and this is generally a function of climate. Available supply sources should be considered in order to find the best possible correlation between demand and supply.
2. Hybrid with conventional system: where energy limited sources used as spinning reserve for times when the intermittent supply does not meet the demand. If this type of spinning reserve is not available, the need for adequate electricity storage was shown to be an important consideration, especially in smaller scale projects.

 

 3.1 Emerging renewable energy system

 

                In order to provide a reliable electricity supply, reduce energy wastage, and enable the energy requirements for heat and transport to be met, the outputs of these intermittent sources may be supplemented by various means. These may include the use of storage devices and the use of biomass and waste materials in engines, turbines and fuel cells for the production of electricity and heat, in vehicles for transportation, or in heating supply or storage systems. The integration and control strategies for all of these components must be carefully considered and implemented, and this complexity has been seen as a barrier to renewable energy system deployment. There are many possible supply combinations that can be employed, and the optimum combination for a given area depends on many factors. The balances being considered can be complex, and this highlights the need for a decision support framework through which the relative merits of many different scenarios and control strategies for a chosen area can be quickly and easily analyzed [4,5].

 

                 

                Where substantial amounts of intermittent sources are used in a system, it is useful to have an outlet for excess electricity, in order to avoid wastage. The electricity stored, using various means, depending on the scale of storage required can be available for use at times when there is not enough being generated to meet demand. The sizing and type of storage system required depends on the relationship between the supply and demand profiles. For excess amount electricity produced this could be used to make hydrogen via the electrolysis of water. This hydrogen could then be stored, used in heaters or converted back into electricity via a fuel cell later as required. Using excess electricity, this hydrogen could be produced centrally and piped to for port or produced at vehicle filling stations for haulage, or at individual facilities in the port. [6,7].

 

 

4. Energy consumption, demand and supply

 

              Energy demand for port work is supply from grids which are well established in most developed world. The method and sitting of generating conventional energy and renewable energy determine system configuration. Hierarchy systems that can be deduced from these two variables are:

 

1. Limited capacity energy: This includes traditional thermal plants coal fired, gas fired, oilfired and nuclear power plants, which supply almost all of the electricity to the national grid in. The amount of electricity that can be generated is limited by the physical capacity of the plant, time for maintenance and unplanned outages.
2. Limited energy plant: they are Renewable Energy Generators plant that are limited by the amount of energy or fuel available to them at a certain time from a certain area (e.g. rainfall, waste, seasonal energy crop yields) and cannot always run at their rated capacity.
3. Intermittent energy plant: recent year has seen increased hybrid generators. Growing distributed renewable generating plants has implications for the organisation of the electricity supply network. Interconnectivity network electrical system configuration. For centralized system it is better to have minor generators throughout the network that will allow many smaller areas of that network to become mainly self sufficient, with the grid stand as backup.

 

             

Fuel cell powered engine can run on pure hydrogen, producing clean water as the only emission. Biodiesel can be used directly in a diesel engine with little or no modifications, and burns much more cleanly and thoroughly than diesel, giving a substantial reduction in unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. The main barriers to the implementation of alternative fuels is the requirement for a choice of fuel at a national level, the necessity to create a suitable refuelling infrastructure, the length of time it will take to replace or convert existing vehicles, and the need for a strong public incentive to change[3, 7,  8]..

 

 

4.1 Biomass demand and supply

 

 

5. Bioenergy

 

The 21st century is becoming age of recycling where a lots of emphasize is placed on reducing waste and reuse of material to curb current environmental problems, maximizing use of depleting natural resources and conserve energy. Modern day sustainable use and management of resource recommend incorporating recycling culture in human ways and the use of modest process. Biomass is not left behind in this. The use of biomass energy resource derived from the carbonaceous waste of various natural and human activities to produce electricity is becoming popular. Biomass is considered one of the clean, more efficient and stable means of power generation. Enormous being generated from marine system make it imperative for marine industry to tap this new evolving green technology to employ mobile based micro generation biomass for mobile for marine energy system.

 

 

 

Biomass remains potential renewable energy contributor to net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and offsetting of CO2 from fossil generation. The current method of generating biomass power is biomass fired boilers and Rankine steam turbines, recent research work in developing sustainable and economic biomass focus on high-pressure supercritical steam cycles. It uses feedstock supply system, and conversion of biomass to a low or medium Btu gas that can be fired in combustion turbine cycles. It result in efficiencies of one-and-a-half times that of a simple steam turbine. Biofuels has potential to influence marine industry, and it as become importance for ship designers and ship owners to accept their influence on the world fleet of the future. Especially the micro generation concept with co generation for cargo and fuel can be a good biomass system for ship. And the waste being dumped by ships in port can be use to power land based and coastal infrastructure.

 

This paper discuss review of conceptual work, trend, sociopolitical driver, economic, development, risk approach and future of biomass with hope to bring awareness to local, national and multinational bodies making to adopt biofuels policies. The maritime industry is always slow to adopt new technology. The paper direct awareness call to maritime multidisciplinary expertise in regulation, economics, engineering, vessel design and operation to break the nity gritty barrier. Time has come for the shipping industry to take advantage of growing tide to tap benefit promised by use of waste to power generation for marine system.

 

5.1 Biomass developmental trend

 

 

The current world biofuels market is focused on: Bioethanol blended into fossil motor gasoline (petrol) or used directly and biodiesel or Fatty Acid Methyl Ester diesel blended into fossil diesel. The Fischer-Tropsch model involves catalyzed chemical reaction to produce a synthetic petroleum substitute, typically from coal, natural gas or biomass. It is used to runs diesel engines and some aircraft engines. The use as synthetic biofuel lubrication oil or aid synthetic fuel from waste seems promising and negates risk posed by food based biomass. Oil product and chemical tankers being constructed now are likely to benefit from the use of biomass. However use on gasoline engines ignites the vapors at much higher temperatures pose limitation to inland water craft as more oxide of nitrogen can be released to the atmosphere [10, 11].

 

 

5.1.1 Biomass developmental trend spillage to shipping

 

Just like tanker revolution influence on ship type, demand for biomass will bring capacity, bio - material change from source to production area to the point of use. Technological, environmental change will also require ships of different configuration, size and tank coating type as well as impact on the tonne mile demand. Recently biofuel is driving a new technology worldwide; the use of biofuels for cars and public vehicles has grown significantly. Effect on shipping is likely to be followed by shipping of large scale growth on exports and seaborne trade of biomass product from key exporting regions in order to balance supply and demand. With excess capacity waiting for source material it seems inevitable that shipping demand will increase.

 

5.2 Classification of biomass

 

3.1 According to generation types

 

Biomass generation and growing trend can be classified into 3 generation types:

 

First generation biofuels, are made from food like from sugar or starch, vegetable oil or animal fats to produce biodiesel.

Second generation biofuels, are waste derived biomass from agricultural and forestry, fast-growing grasses and trees specially grown as so-called "energy crops".

Third generation biofuels, use green fuels like algae biofuel made from energy and biomass crops that have been designed in such a way that their s tructure or properties conform to the requirements of a particular bioconversion process.

 

5.2.1 According to sources types

North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) region supply has classified biofuel into the following four types: agricultural residues, energy crops, forestry residues, and urban wood waste and mill residues. A brief description of each type of biomass is provided below:

1. Agricultural residues from the remaining stalks and biomass material left on the ground can be collected and used for energy generation purposes this include residues of wheat straw
2. Energy crops are produced solely or primarily for use as feedstocks in energy generation processes. Energy crops includes hybrid, switch grassgrown on idled, or in pasture. The most important agricultural commodity crops being planted in the United States are corn, wheat, and soybeans represent about 70 percent of total cropland harvested. Thus, this is not encouraged to prevent food scarcity.
3. Forestry residues are composed of logging residues, rough rotten salvageable dead wood, and excess small pole trees.
4. Urban wood, waste and mill residues are waste woods from manufacturing operations that would otherwise be landfilled. The urban wood waste and mill residue category includes primary mill residues and urban wood such as pallets, construction waste, and demolition debris, which are not otherwise useful.

Biomass for electricity generation is treated in four ways in NEMS:

                                 i.            new dedicated biomass or biomass gasification,

                                ii.            existing and new plants that co-fire biomass with coal,

                              iii.            existing plants that combust biomass directly in an open-loop process,and

                              iv.            biomass use in industrial cogeneration applications. Existing biomass plants are accounted for using information such as on-line years, efficiencies, heat rates, and retirement dates, obtained through EIA surveys of the electricity generation sector.

6.0 Choice of conventional power system

 

5.2.1 Internal Combustion and Diesel Engines: Two common load following generation technologies involve the use of diesel in compression ignition engines (diesel engines), and natural gas in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Both of these engine types may also be run on sustainable fuels derived from biomass and waste, with diesel engines running on biodiesel, pyrolysis oil, or vegetable oil, and ICEs running on biogas, ethanol or methanol and this requires little or no modification. Diesel engine generating sets with rated outputs from 50 kWe to 10 MWe, and ICE generating sets with rated outputs of between 100 kWe and 2 MWe are available. Figure 6 shows diesel engine retrofit option towards reducing emission. Typically in the order of 2:1, and electrical efficiencies at full load are around 25 to 30%, again varying with partial load. Figure 6 shows a typical internal combustion engine.

Figure 6: Typical steam plant unit system

 

5.2.2 Steam Turbines: Steam turbines may be used for larger applications (between 1 and 1000 MW). These use an external boiler to raise steam, which may be fuelled by any

type of solid, liquid or gaseous fuel desired..This steam is then expanded across turbine blades to produce rotary motion, and, when coupled with a generator, electricity]. Again, waste heat may be recovered for use. Figure 7 shows typical staem engine system Electrical efficiencies at full load can range from 15 to 50%, depending on the complexity of design. This means that heat to electricity ratios can vary from 1:1 to 5:1. This generation method is particularly suited to the use of large

Figure 7: Steam engine system           

quantities of solid waste or biomass, provided suitable boilers are used, though start-up times are slow.

5.2.3 Stirling Engines: A Stirling engine is an external combustion engine, where combustion of the fuel does not take place inside the engine, but in an external boiler. Mechanical work is derived from the pressure changes that result from the cyclic heating and cooling of an enclosed working gas. Heat from any source may be used to run a Stirling engine, including concentrated solar rays, and waste heat but only fuelled Stirling engines will be considered here. This type of engine has many advantages over other engines and turbines as it allows the use of fuels that are hard to process, and it has a fairly simple design, which makes it suitable for small-scale applications, gives the plant a lower capital cost and reduces maintenance costs. Interest in Stirling engines is beginning to re-emerge due to increased interest in biofuel use. Currently available Stirling engine generating set outputs vary from 1 kWe to 200kWe, although larger engines are feasible. Figure 8 shows  typical gas turbine engine.

7. Choice of cogeneration alternative energy

 

7.1 Fuel Cells: The principle of the fuel cell was discovered over 150 years ago. NASA has improved the system in their emission free operation for spacecraft. Recent years has also seen improvement in vehicles, stationary and portable applications. As a result of this increased interest, stationary power plants from 200W to 2 MW are now commercially available, with efficiencies ranging from 30 to 50% and heat to electricity ratios from 0.5:1 to 2:1. Fuel cell re load follower energy, the efficiency of a fuel cell typically increases at lower loadings. Fuel cell system also has fast response. This make them well suited to load following and transport applications. Fuel cell is advanced alternative energy technology with electrochemical conversion of fuel directly into electricity without intermediate stage, the combustion of fuel; hence by-pass the restriction of second law of thermodynamic .the basic fuel supply in the fuel cell systems is hydrogen and carbon dioxide.  [9,10,11] .                

Phosphoric acid fuel cell distribution:  Fuel cell can be distributed directly through the following ways:

1. Direct supply to residential and commercial facilities through pipelines Modular cell that can be stack according to power need
2. Building hydrogen fuel cell power plant in remote location and distribute energy through power grid.

 

                Comparing the efficiency of fuel cell to other source of alternative energy source, fuel cell is the most promising and economical source that guarantee future replacement of fossil fuel. However efficiency maximization of fuel cell power plant remains important issue that needs consideration for its commercialization. As a result the following are important consideration for efficient fuel cell power plant efficiency calculation can be done through the following formula fi9 shows a typical fuel cell power system:

                          Advantages of fuel cell include size, weigh, flexibility, efficiency, safety, topography, cleanliness. Mostly use as catalyst in PAFC, and however recovery of platinum from worn -out cell can reduce the cost and market of the use of PACF economical. It has cost advantage over conventional fossil fuel energy and alternative energy. Disadvantages of fuel cell are adaptation, training, and cost of disposal. Fuel cell has found application in transportation, commercial facility, residential faculty, space craft and battery. Figure 9 shows a typical arrangement fuel cell hybrid power configuration.

 

 7.2 Solar energy system: History and human existent has proved that the sun is the source of all existing energy on earth.  From plant photosynthesis to formation of biomass earth fossil fuel including oil and coal, to the generation of wind and hydrogen power, the sun has his mark on almost every planetary system.  For decades, people have worked to generate renewable and cost saving solar energy.  But little has been achieved to get a lot out f its abundant supply of sun light. Harnessing energy from sun require production, distribution, control and consumer utilization at low cost. Risk work for the system should address the back drop and hybrid system alternative energy system that can be installing as auxiliary for synchronization through automatic control system that activate storage supply whenever supply is approaching the minimum setup limit. Prior to installing solar, it is important to collect, analyze data and information to determined initial condition necessary to start the project and come with acceptable design. Such data should be use for simulation and construction of prototype model of the system that include existing system, central receiver, collectors, power conversion, control system,  sunlight storage, solar radiation to supply a solar system to convert sunlight to electricity and distribute through existing channel.   

 

8. Hybrid system 

               

                With a focus on developing applications for clean, renewable, non-fossil fuel, energy systems. Our final emphasis is on maritime related activities, however, as marine engineers we are devoted to promoting all types of alternative & sustainable energy technologies.Various types of engine, turbine and fuel cell may be run on a variety of fuels for combined heat and power production. Hybrid system can provide control over power needs, green and sustainable energy that delivers a price that is acceptable and competitive. The power plants can be located where it is needed less high power lines are required, not only reducing costs but assisting health by reducing magnetic fields that people are so worried about, Global warming is addressed d by direct action by providing power that does not release any emissions or discharges of any kind. The technology associated with the design, manufacture and operation of marine equipment is changing rapidly. The traditional manner in which regulatory requirements for marine electrical power supply systems have developed, based largely on incidents and failures, is no longer acceptable. Figure 10 show a typical hybrid power arrangement for solar hydrogen and conventional power. Fifure 11 ,, 12, and 13 can be hybrid to the same sstem to provide integrated alternative energy power

 

Figure 10: Hybrid configuration

 

Current international requirements for marine electrical power supply equipment and machinery such as engines, turbines and batteries have evolved over decades and their applicability to new technologies and operating regimes is now being questioned by organizations responsible for the regulation of safety and reliability of ships. [7, 11].

 

                Various technologies have been employed towards the use of alternative free energy of the sun since the first discovery in the 18th century. Improvement and development has been made towards making it available for use like existing reigning source of energy. Major equipment and hardware for the hybrid configuration are:

 

•  
  1. Semiconductor solar with high efficient storage capability will be designed
  2. Hybrid back- up power will be design based with integrative capability to other alternative power source like wind and hydrogen
  3. Controller design for power synchronization will be designed and prototyped
  4. Inverter and other power conversion units will be selected based on power needs
  5. Solar collector or receiver with high efficiency collection capacity will be designed
  6. Software development and simulation
  7. Steam will be used as energy transfer medium

 

                The power plants can be built in small units combined, which allow greater control over the output and maintains full operational output 100% of the time. The plant produces fewer emissions, the plant can be located close to the areas where the power is required cutting down on the need for expensive high power lines. Excess energy produced can be connected to the grid under power purchase arrangement.

  The system can be built in independent power configuration and user will be free from supply cut out. In a typical off-grid scenario a large battery bank is required to store energy. Solar hydrogen hybrid energy is stored in the form of hydrogen gas. When it is dark out, instead of drawing energy from a battery bank,

 hydrogen gas is converted into electricity through a fuel-cell. Likewise, during the day when there is plenty of energy from the sun, water is converted into hydrogen gas through the use of a hydrogen generator. Most electrical power systems are a combination of small units of power group to provide the larger output.

                

Hybrid system design should begin with problem definition of providing a port with power, follow by refining the design so that each individual units power output could be combined to provide the input for a larger unit and ensure efficient, effect operation, maintenance. The hybrid system should be able to provide more power that can keep the stress and strain of operation to a minimum and reduces the failure of the component parts.  

 

  The hybrid system can provide means to by- pass and overcome limitation posed by past work in generating replaceable natural energy of the sun and other renewable energy source that can be designed in hybrid system. Reliable deployment of hybrid system developments of mathematical model follow by prototyping, experimentation and simulation of the system are key to the design and its implementation. The main advantages of hybrid configurations are: Redundancy and modularity, high reliability of hybrid circuitry embedded control system, improve emergency energy switching and transfer, low operating cost through integrated design, low environmental impacts due to nature of the energy source. System optimization with combined heat and alternative power production technologies:

1. The Production and Storage of Heat
2. Space Heating Storage Heaters
3. Hot Water Storage
4. Instantaneous Space and Water Heaters
5. Uses for Excess Electricity
6. Electricity Storage Devices

 

9. Potential impacts to marine system

 

9.1 Impact to marine system

The use of biofuels as a fuel has increased in most transportation sectors. Adopting this technology in marine industry is still slow despite flexibility offered by use of energy on ship compare to mass requirement for land based industry and ambient temperature performance for aviation industry. Cost remain one of the main driver,  slow speed diesel engines can run on lower quality fuels, they can replace distillate marine oils associated technical difficult. Calorific energy value for main propulsion could also result in a reduced service speed, range or larger bunker tanks. Major benefit of using environmental friendly engine is illustrated in figure 16.

Figure 16: benefit of using environmental friendly engine

9.1.1 Potential for port coastal and port infrastructure: A variety of methods could turn an age-old natural resource into a new and efficient means of generating electricity. Biomass in large amounts is available in many areas, and is being considered as a fuel source for future generation of electricity. Biomass is bulky, widely distributed and electricity from conventional, centralized power plants requires an extensive distribution network. Traditionally power is generated through centralized, conventional power plant, where biomass is transported to the central plant. Typically a steam or gas turbine power plant and the electricity is then distributed through the grid to the end users.  

9.1.2 Potential for ship and offshore system: Micro-biomass power generators seem to offer a path for new solution for energy at end user disposal. Recent development towards use of micro biomass can offer best practice adaptation for marine unitized biomass power. Such biomass can be used near the site of end-use, with heat from external combustion converted directly to electricity by a biomass fired free-piston genset. Costs of installation include fuel acquisition and maintenance of the genset and burner. Since the electricity is used on site, both transmission losses and distribution costs are minimal. Thus, in areas without existing infrastructure to transmit power, there are no additional costs. It is also possible to cogenerate using the rejected heat for space or hot water heating, or absorption cooling. This is ideal for ship and offshore system. Figure 17 shows typical prime mover arrangement for ship

Micro-biomass power generation is a more advantageous and cost-effective means of providing power than centralised biomass power generation. Especially in area where there is a need for both power and heating. Domestic hot water, space heat and absorption chilling are attractive for cogeneration configurations of microbiofuel plant. Biomass can be generated using single or ganged free-piston Stirling engines gensets. They can be placed at the end-user location taking advantage of local fuel prices and do not require a distribution grid. They can directly provide electrical output with integral linear alternators, or where power requirements are larger they can be connected in series and parallel to drive a conventional rotary turbine. They are hermetically sealed and offer long lives through their non-contact operation [12,13].

Biomass is a substantial opportunity to generate micro-biomass electric power, at power levels from fractions of kilowatts through to tens or hundreds of kilowatts, at the point of end use. Neither small internal combustion engines, which cannot use biomass directly, nor reciprocating steam engines, with low efficiency and limited life, can offer the end user economic electric power. Free-piston Stirling micro biomass engine are an economic alternative. Stirling offers the following advantages over significantly larger systems:

1. Stirling machines have reasonable overall efficiencies at moderate heater head temperatures (~600ƒC)
2. cogeneration is simple
3. large amounts of capital do not have to be raised to build a single evaluation plant with its associated technical and economic risks
4. A large fraction of the value of the engine alternator can be reused at the end of its life
5. Stirling systems can be ganged with multiple units operating in parallel.

Biodiesel machinery design, installation, operation    

and maontaonace requirements are:

1. Fuel management: Fuel management is complex in this new era because fuel aging and oxidation can lead to high acid number, high viscosity, the formation of gums and sediments. Supply chain supply of biofuel to ship can be done through pre-mixed to the required blend. Here the biofuel and diesel are supplied separately to the ship, and then mixed on board. This gives the operator the chance to dictate the exact blend of biofuels depending on conditions. But that would require retrofitting or new technology to be installed on board together with additional complexity for the crew. It is also important to monitor the fuel acid number value to ensure that no rancid, acidic fuel is introduced to the injection system. A typical layout should involve separators to ensure that water is removed from the fuel, as well as heaters at various stages to ensure the fuel is at the correct temperature before they enter engine.
2. Temperature monitoring system: Technical problem that need to be further mitigated is the CFPP indication of low temperature operability of range between 0°C and 15°C for different types of biodiesels. This can cause problems with filter clogging, this can only be overcome by carefully monitoring of the fuel tank temperatures. This can affect ships operating in cold climates, where additional tank heating coils and heating may be required to avoid this from happening.
3. Corrosion control: Biodiesels are hygroscopic and require to be maintained at  1200-1500 ppm water, which can cause significant corrosion damage to fuel injection systems. Mitigation can be exercise through appropriate fuel conditioning prior to injection. Biodiesels. Injector fouling especially the blend type produces deposits due to presence of fatty acid and water in the fuel. This can result to increased corrosion of the injector system. Also viscous glycerides can contribute to further injector coking. Biodiesel due to its chemical properties degrades, softens or seeps through some gaskets and seals with prolonged exposure. Biodiesels are knows to be good solvents and therefore cause coating complexity. Reports of aggressiveness of biodiesel and bioethanol on tank coatings have been reported. In its pure form biodiesel, as a methyl ester, is less aggressive to epoxy coatings than ethanol. Therefore ethanol should be carried in tanks coated with dedicated tank coatings such a phenolic epoxy or zinc silicate tank coatings.
4.  Lubrication: Biofuel lubricant may have impact on engine crankcase cleanliness and the potential consequences of fuel dilution. The droplet characteristics and lower volatility of biodiesel compared with conventional diesel, together with spray pattern and wall impingement in the modern diesel engines, can help noncombusted biodiesel past the piston rings. And also to make contact with the cylinder liner and be scrapped down into the oil sump. The unburnt biodiesel tends to remain in the sump and the level of contamination may progressively build up over time. This can result in reduced lubricant viscosity and higher risk of component wear. A serious concern is the possibility that the unburnt biodiesel entering the oil sump may be oxidised, thus promoting oil thickening and requiring greater oil changes.

 

9.2 Impact to shipping

 

It is clear that biomass will fuel freight increase as well asspecialized new design of chemical tankers. Biodiesel is an IMO 2 cargo, its vegetable oil feedstocks are IMO cargoes with double hull IMO 3 vessel configuration required. Ethanol typically transports in chemical tankers due to its cargo requirement but technological change break through could bring potential regulatory design change. Flexibility for ship conversion and retrofitting system could upset initial cost problem.

 

9.2.1 Port, Inland waterways and coastal vessel: There is potential for us of biodiesels for small craft that operate within inland water because of air and water pollution sensitivity associated with inland water transportation. The port facilities in Malaysia and Indonesia are already being improved to handle Handysize and Panamax tankers. There is also potential requirement for transshipment and supply vessel, supply chain for short sea service.

 

 

9.2.2 Cargo: 3rd generation biofuels wil required to be processed from solid cargoes to liquid cargoes. Of the wood currently harvested, 30% is waste. This is not going to be a waste in the future and will be converted by a Fischer Tropsch biomass to liquid processing plant. For coastal shipping to handle this trade, there wil be need for new generation of 5,000 tonne deadweight dry cargo vessels. It is expected that these voyages will be regulated under the new Dry Bulk Cargo Code (BC Code). This is due to become mandatory in 2011.

 

6.2.3 Shipping Routes and Economics Impacts

 

The above trend analysis discussed indicate potential capacity requirement from shipping. so far North America, Europe and South East Asia are the key importing regions where this growth is concentrated. Latin American counties of Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay and Southeast Asia's Indonesia and Malaysia will remain key suppliers for the palm oil, Philippines and Papua New Guinea have potentials for vegetable oil and agricultural while Thailand has potential for sugarcane. 

 

6.2.5 Regulatory framework impact

 

In many parts of the world, environmental concerns are the leading political driver for biofuels. This driving force evolved regulation like Kyoto protocoal, Marpol Annex VI and other environmental regulation. The tonne mile demand for future tankers will be greatly affected by national, regional, global policy and political decision making. There is a greater flexibility in the sourcing of biofuels than there is in hydrocarbon energy sources and this may be attractive to particular governments. Once the regulatory framework is clear, economics will determine how the regulations will best be met and seaborne trade will be at the centre of the outcome.

 

10. Conclusion

The main challenge to use of biomass for power generation, therefore, is to develop more-efficient, lower-cost systems. Advanced biomass-based systems for power generation require fuel upgrading, combustion cycle improvement, and better flue-gas treatment. Future biomass based power. Generation technologies need to provide superior environmental protection at lower cost by combining sophisticated biomass preparation, combustion, and conversion processes with post combustion cleanup. Such systems include fluidized combustion, biomass integrated gasification, and biomass externally fired gas turbines. Ships life cycle is around 20- 25, for ship owners to make the most of the upcoming markets, it is necessary to be prepared for the new cargoes.  Current ship designs may not be suited for biofuel ships. Therefore there is potential for pressure on organizations to adopt new standards to accommodate the demand driven by governmental legislation. This in itself has some risk involved, also the trade routes could create economy of large scale leading to larger ship production and sub sequential requirement from designer .Other evolving challenges to secure energy and environment are Fuel cell technology, nuclear, natural gas and fuels made from waste plastics.

 

 

Reference

 [1] Sustainable Energy Ireland. "CO2 and Other Environmental Emissions Data" Table 7D, web site www.irish-energy.ie/publications/ index.html.

[2] M. K. Mann and P. L. Spath, "A Comparison of the Environmental Consequences of Power from Biomass, Coal, and Natural Gas". Presentation at

[3] the Energy Analysis Forum. Golden, CO, May 29-30, 2002. web site www.nrel.gov/analysis/pdfs/m_mann.pdf.

[4] G. Wiltsee. "Lessons Learned from Existing Biomass Power Plants." NREL/SR-570-26946 Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, February 2000. web site www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/26946.pdf.

[5] Lane, N. W. and Beale, W.T. (1996a). "Stirling Engines for Micro-Cogen and Cooling. Proc Strategic Gas Forum". Detroit M. June 19-20, 1996.

[6] R.L. Graham, B.C. English, and C.E. Noon, "A Geographic Information System-based Modeling System for Evaluating the Cost of Delivered Energy Crop Feedstocks" Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 18 (2000), pp. 309-329.

 [7] M. J. Grubb. "The Integration of Renewable Electricity Sources". Energy Policy. 1991. Vol. 19, No. 7.pp 670-688.

[8] F. R. McLarnon, E. J. Cairns, "Energy Storage", Review of Energy, Vol. 14, pp 241-271.

[9] IMO, "Marine Environmental Protection Committee". 44th session available at: http: www.imo.org/meeting/44.html, 2000.

[10] H. Lund, P. A. Ostergaard. "Electric Grid and Heat Planning Scenarios with Centralised and Distributed Sources of Conventional. CHP and Wind generation". Energy 25.  2000, pp 299-312.

[11] D. McEvoy, D. C. Gibbs, J. W. S. Longhurst, "City-regions and the Development of Sustainable Energy Supply Systems". Int. J. Energy Res. 2000, 24. pp 215-237.

[12] G. C. Seeling-Hochmuth, "A combined optimisation concept for the design and operation strategy of hybrid-PV energy systems". Solar Energy. 1997. Vol. 61, No. 2. pp 77-87.

[17] R. Chedid, S. Rahman, "Unit sizing and control of hybrid wind-solar power systems". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 1997. Vol. 12, No. 1. pp 79-85.

 

 

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