Legends Variant
Legends Variant
Thiruvananthapuram-Where God was the King
SANJAI VELAYUDHAN
INTRODUCTION:
The modern Thiruvananthapuram is the capital of the beautiful land of Kerala and was formerly known as Trivandrum. Under the royal rule of the Venad Royal family, it was called Thiruvithamkoor and also known by its anglicized name Travancore.It was one of the oldest inhabited places in India. Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland, it was always the political nerve centre of Kerala. Ruled by some of the most powerful and liberal rulers, its life was always centered on the Padmanabha Swamy temple whose presiding deity is Sree Padmanabha or Vishnu. According to the Hindu mythology, the cosmic trinity consisted of Brahma-the creator, Shiva-the destroyer and Vishnu-the preserver. In an innovative more to pre-empt any invasions by local rivals, one of the strongest rulers Marthanda Varma consecrated the "thrippadidhanam" in the 17th century. According to this, the lord Vishnu was crowned as the actual ruler of the kingdom and the king became his servant ‘Padmanabha Dasa". With this, Sri Padmanabha became the "actual" head of the state of Travancore, assuming the title Perumal or the Emperor. The women folk of the royal family were known as "Padmanabha Dasinis" again female servants of the lord Padmanabha. In an orthodox Hindu society, attacking the lord's kingdom would have been sacrilege. People did and do actually believe that the lord has been administering Thiruvananthapuram and acting through the contemporary ruler. The British Government saluted the Lord with a 21-gun salute, a military tradition of colonial days, which was continued by the Indian Army until the abolition of the privy purses (in a way de-legitimizing any royal claims), by Government of India when Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister. The royal insignia of the Lord, the Valampiri Shankhu or dextral conch-shell, served as the State emblem of Travancore and even continued so for some time after the re-organization of the States. Sri Padmanabha is still regarded as the presiding deity of Thiruvananthapuram.
The name Thiruvananthapuram may be split into three-Thiru- Anantha-Puram, which means the city of the Holy Anantha. Anantha is the mythical, cosmic serpent with a thousand heads, on whose coils Lord Vishnu (Padmanabha) reclines. Though the temple had existed long before, it was rebuilt and brought to prominence by the King Marthanda Varma of the Travancore Royal family when, in 1745, he shifted the Travancore capital from Padamanabhapuram in the south (today in the neighboring State of Tamil Nadu) to Thiruvananthapuram. As mentioned earlier having done the "thrippadidhanam" he started reigning as 'Padmanabha Dasa', the servant and representative of Lord Padmanabha--perhaps a nobler variant of the 'Divine Right Theory' that the West is familiar with.
The ancient land of Thiruvananthapuram was built upon seven hills and having played a vital role in Kerala politics has kept pace with evolution and today has grown into a sprawling metropolis. Yet, she still retains her past glory and old charm, that is visible from the old quarter of the city clustered in and around the East Fort, a protected landmark that dates back to the Royal days. What perhaps is special about the ambience of Thiruvananthapuram is the wonderful blend of the strongly traditional, the nostalgically Colonial and the outright modern elements, be it in architecture, in food or in the dress and manners of her people.
Adding to its legend and stature is the belief that the ships of King Solomon landed on ones of its prominent ports called Ophir (modern name Poovar) in 1036 BC. However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala.
The rise of modern Thiruvananthapuram began with accession of Marthanda Varma in 1729 as the founding ruler of the princely state of Travancore. Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital of Travancore in 1745. The city developed into a major intellectual and artistic centre during this period. The golden age in the city's history was during the mid 19th century under the reign of Maharaja Swathi Thirunal (the great musician) and Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal.
With the end of the British rule in India in 1947, the glory days of the royal rule were finally over and Travancore (the kingdom was originally called such) was merged with the Indian union. The state of Kerala was formed on November 1, 1956 and in accordance with its stature, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of the new state.
Despite a royal past, Thiruvananthapuram has kept up with the times. Apart from having the pride of being the capital of India's most literate and socially developed state, Thiruvananthapuram is a strategically important city in Southern India. With a fledgling country desperately wanting to establish itself in the field of science, chose Thiruvananthapuram to be the cradle of India's ambitious and now successful space programme. The presence of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in 1962, the first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) located in the outskirts of the city in 1963. Several establishments of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram. It is also important from the military logistics and civil aviation point of view falling under the international air route. It is also very close to the international shipping route and East-West shipping axis.
The establishment of Technopark—India's first IT Park in 1995 helped in its metamorphosis as a modern city. Technopark has developed into the largest IT Park in India and third largest in Asia and is home to some of the global IT giants and has fostered the development of the "knowledge warrior". It employs more than 50,000 such warriors and these highly paid people have also contributed to its economic uplift. Thiruvananthapuram was and will always remain a prominent and contemporarily important location on the map of India.
Geography:
Located at 8°30?N76°54?E? / ?8.5°N 76.9°E? / 8.5; 76.9 on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India, Thiruvananthapuram is built on hills by the sea shore. The city and the suburbs cover an area of about 250 square kilometers, sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. The average elevation is 16 ft from the sea level. District Area: 2192 km².
The area can be divided into two geographical regions, the lowlands, midlands and highlands. The lowland is a narrow stretch comprising shorelines, rivers and deltas, dotted with coconut palms. Vellayani Lake, biggest fresh water lake in the district is in the suburbs of the city. The major rivers that flow through the city are the Karamana River, and the Killi River. The midland region comprises low hills and valleys adjoining the Ghats. The eastern suburbs of the city fall within the highlands, whose highest point in the district is the Agasthyakudam which rises 1890 m above sea level. Ponmudi and Mukkunimala are hill-stations near the city.
The regal land is blessed with a long shoreline, dotted with internationally renowned beaches, historic monuments, backwater stretches and a rich cultural heritage converting this into a much sought after tourist destination. With a tradition dating back to 1000BC, lies on a small strip of land with plenty of coconut & palm trees, and an active trading post for spices, sandalwood, ivory etc.
Culture
Thiruvananthapuram has a rich cultural background thanks to the rulers of erstwhile Travancore, who took an active interest in the development of arts and culture. Thiruvananthapuram has produced several great artists, the most famous ones being Maharaja Swathi Thirunal (musician) and Raja Ravi Varma (painter). Maharaja Swathi Thirunal was a great composer and played a vital role in the development of Carnatic music. There is a music college in his name in the city - Swathi Thirunal College of Music. Raja Ravi Varma was an illustrious painter of international renown. His contributions to Indian art are substantial.
Ancient history
While most parts of Kerala were dominated by the Brahmin Namboodhiris, Thiruvananthapuram was under the Ay dynasty, a clan known for its rich traditional and religious heritage. The Ays were the leading political power till the beginning of the 10th century A.D. and its writ extended from Nagerkovil in the South to Thiruvalla in the North. The Ays were caught in between the constant and recurring tussle for political power between the Chera-Chola dynasties (powerful entities of south India fighting for dominance of the region) wars from 999 to 1110 A.D. All of the regions were attacked and sacked by the Chola army, till they were forced to retreat to Kottar in 1110 A.D. The annihilation of the Ay dynasty led to the emergence of the rulers of Venad. Under the Ays, the most prominent city was Vizhinjham which had a famous port of the same name and also housed a famous university (Kanthalur Salai). The Venad rulers set up efficient administrative systems and the kingdom saw its pinnacle under the King, Udaya Marthanda. The Venad rule brought about development of Kerala into a capital of art and learning. Ravi Varma Kulashekhara was a renowned scholar and musician. He became the mentor for artists, musicians, poets of Thiruvananthapuram. A great writer himself, he has penned the Sanskrit play "Pradyumnabhyudayam". The pro-active rule of the Venads made Thiruvananthapuram, the region then known by the name of Travancore, a bustling trading center.
According to legends, the Padamanabhapuram temple existed from earlier times thus lending the land a certain divine sanction. Though the Venad royal family remained the last ruling family in the region, establishing its authority was not an easy affair. Since Padmanabhaswami temple was the pivot around which life revolved, acquiring control of its affair was a strategic prerogative. The tussle between royalty and the traditional administrators of the temple was inevitable. During their rule, the trustees of the temple (Ettarayogam) became powerful enough to challenge the authority of the rulers. The king Raja Aditya Varma was poisoned by them, and five out of six children of Umayamma Rani were murdered by them. After the death of Aditya Varma, the kingdom was under the regency of Umayamma Rani. During this time, Travancore was invaded by a Mughal adventurer, Mughal Sirdar, forcing the Rani to take refuge in Nedumangad. The Sardar camped in the suburbs of the present day Thiruvananthapuram, till he was defeated by Kerala Varma, a prince from the Kottayam royal family, adopted into the Venad royal family. The Rani was brought back in triumph to Thiruvananthapuram, but in 1696 A.D., Kottayam Kerala Varma the hero was assassinated by the temple trustees within the precincts of his own palace in a daring act. Though eventually, through deceit, blood and iron, the control of the temple affairs came to the hands of the royal family thus eventually offering their rule legitimacy. The temple has always remained the key for sanctity to rule.
The regency of Umayamma Rani was crucial in the history of Thiruvananthapuram since it was during her regency in 1684, that the English East India Company obtained a sandy piece of land at Anchuthengu (land o the five coconut trees-Anjengo (anglicized) on the sea coast, about 32 km north of Thiruvananthapuram city, for erecting a factory and fortifying it. The place had earlier been frequented by the Portuguese and later by the Dutch. It was from here that the English gradually extended their domain to other parts of Thiruvithamkoor anglicized as Travancore. One may say this transaction with the British eventually proved a turning point for the Venad royal family as the British eventually took control of the affairs of the region with very limited powers left in the hands of its original rulers.
Though Portuguese were the first Europeans to land on the West coast of Kerala in the early sixteenth century, it was the Dutch who built dominated the trade. By the middle of 1600, the Dutch had entrenched themselves firmly in Travancore. Their dominance was disturbed by the invasion of the Mysore strongman Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. With the ascension of Marthanda Varma and his strong rule literally drove the Dutch out from the region. The exit of the Dutch led the way for the British domination. With south Indian rulers weakened by constant wars, the British saw an opportunity for itself. They started their campaign to oust all the European countries trading in the region by the end 1600s they ended up not just as dominant traders but as rulers of most parts of the Kerala including the Travancore. The only resistance to British dominance was put up by the French which was effectively thwarted. The East India Company had finally "arrived" in Kerala. It was a long journey "having started with a small "factory" at Anchuthengu-a small sandy strip, bought from then ruler Umayamma Rani, they ended up as rulers. Though the Venad family continued as regal heads with diluted powers mainly related to agrarian affairs, till the independence of India on 15th August, 1947, it was the British who were truly kings.
Conclusion: Despite the ascendancy of some strong rulers like Marthanda Varma, the politics and economy of Kerala was dominated by foreign powers predominantly Europeans. Even "God" who was the "real" ruler couldn't prevent this domination by foreign powers. In a way, Thiruvananthapuram's history is Kerala's history in turn India's history.
Padmanabha Swamy Temple-the axis mundi
A must on every tourist's itinerary, the ancient Padmanabhaswami temple is believed to be one of the 108 shrines (divyadesams) sacred to the Vaishnavites (followers of God Vishnu) in India. Architecture has the power of dominating the mind of the masses and the sheer size of its 100-feet-high (with seven stories) gopuram (tower) soaring majestically skywards does not fail to evoke an awe-inspiring experience. Within its hallowed precincts, the main pavilion impresses with its 400 beautiful pillars carved out of granite. The temple has a corridor with 365 and one-quarter sculptured granite-stone pillars with elaborate carvings. This corridor extends from the eastern side into the sanctum sanctorum.The stone basement of the tower is covered with elaborate sculptures and the masonry above is replete with ornamental works of figures from the Puranas and other ancient Hindu scriptures. Tapering towards the top, it bears the statue of Garuda, the vehicle of Lord Vishnu. The temple stands by the side of a tank, called Padma Theertham (meaning spring of the lotus). An eighty-foot flag-staff stands in front of the main entry from the 'prakaram' (corridor). The ground floor under the gopuram (main entrance in the eastern side) is known as the 'Nataka-Shala' where the famous temple art, Kathakali was staged in the night during the ten-day uthsavam (festival) conducted twice a year, during the Malayalam months of Meenam and Thulam.
Well guarded with a number of massive doors, the sanctum sanctorum or Garbhagriha is carved out of a single stone and hence called "Ottakkal Mandapam" (meaning pavilion carved out of a single rock). In order to perform darshan and puja, one has to climb on to the "Ottakkal Mandapam". The deity is huge and is visible through three doors - Face of the Lord and Siva Linga underneath his hand in the first door, Brahma seated on lotus emanating from the Lord's navel along with the "Uthsava Moorthi" and idols of Lord Maha Vishnu, Sridevi and Bhudevi in the second door and the Lord's feet in the third door. The deity, Padmanabha, is depicted Lying in a reclining position over the serpent Anantha or Adi Sesha in the form of Maha-Vishnu in Yoganidra posture. This sleep of the lord has been called Anananthasayanam (eternal cosmic sleep). The serpent has his face pointed upwards, as if enjoying the smell emanating from the lotus held in his left hand. The idol is made up of 10,008 Salagramas (stones from water bodies considered to be symbolic of Vishnu). These Salagramas were procured from the banks of the river Gandaki in Nepal, brought with much ceremony on elephants.
Only the King of Travancore may perform the Namaskaram, or bow prostrate on this "Ottakkal Mandapam". Since the idol of the Lord is also on this "Ottakkal Mandapam", anybody who bows prostrate, or any material object that is kept here, henceforth belongs to the Lord. Here, the King is called a "Padmanabha Dasa", or a "servant" of Vishnu.
There are other important shrines inside the temple dedicated to other Hindu deities like Narasimha, Krishna, Ayyappa, Ganesha, Hanuman, Vishwaksena, Garuda etc. It was recently discovered that the main idol is entirely cast in gold except for the face and chest. Katu-sarkara-yogam, a dark colored ayurvedic paste used to keep flies and pests away was applied on the entire idol in order to disguise its intrinsic medium in order to thwart its looting the Muslim invaders
Keeping with its reputation as a centre of power, several kings, queens, other members of royalty and nobility have also built their palaces and mansions in and around the temple. It may be said that the region around the temple formed the sanctum sanctorum of Thiruvananthapuram.
Mythology
Padmanabhaswami Temple stands at a place considered as one of the seven Parashurama Kshetras; texts including the Puranas, particularly the Skanda Purana and Padma Purana, have references for this shrine. According to tradition, it is located on the place where Vishnu revealed himself to sages Divakara Swami and Vilvamangalam Swami. There are many legends regarding the origin of the temple. One story describes that a Pulaya (one of the lowest castes in the discriminatory caste system) couple was given the darshan by Vishnu in the form of a child. The child took morsels of rice from the hands of the couple (in those days when Untouchability was practices, the lord taking food from a Pulaya couple was rather melodramatic). During this time, the sage Divakara passed by and he recognised the "boy" and he took the first food item he saw which was an Unripe Mango and using a coconut shell as an offering plate, he paid his obeisance. In memory of this legend, even today the naivedyam or the offering to the laity after a pooja is prepared from rice and is offered to the deity in a coconut shell. Another version describes that the Sage Divakara prayed to the God Krishna for a darshan. Krishna (a manifestation of Vishnu) gave an audience but in the guise as a small, mischievous boy. The boy swallowed the Salagrama (sacred stone symbolizing God Vishnu) which was being prayed to. The Sage was enraged at this act and chased the boy. He in fear hid himself behind a tree. The tree collapsed and took the form of Vishnu in Anantha Shayanam. But the form was of extraordinarily large proportions. The sage was amazed and overwhelmed by this life-altering experience. He was unable to fathom the entire form due to its sheer size and pleaded the form may be shrunk enough for him to see and circumambulate in devotion. The Lord respecting the sage's vision shrink to a smaller proportion - thrice the length of his staff and told the sage that he should be worshipped through three doors. These doors are now the doors in the temple through which the idol may be viewed. Through the first door, the worship is offered to Shiva; through the second entrance to Brahma on the Lord's lotus navel, and through the third is Vishnu's feet, which are said to lead to salvation.
Festivals
The temple is known for major festivals. Two of them are celebrated bi-annually-the Alpashy festival in October/November and the Painkuni festival in March/April, lasting for 10 days each. These festivals culminate with the performance of the Pallivetta (Royal hunt) and Aarattu (Holy bath) -the two important rituals held as part of the festivals in some of the major temples in Kerala. The uniqueness of the Aarattu at Sree Padmanabhaswami temple is that the head of the royal family of the erstwhile Travancore kingdom still escorts the idols during the procession donning his traditional attire. During Pallivetta the head of the royal family shoots a tender coconut using a bow and arrow. This ritual is symbolic of Lord Vishnu hunting down the demon of evil in a forest and is held in front of the Sundara-vilasam Palace inside the Thiruvananthapuram fort. The Aarat or the holy bath after taken in a procession to the Shankumugham Beach. The idols of Padmanabhaswami, Krishna and Narasimha are given a ritual bathe in the sea, after the prescribed poojas. After this ceremony, the idols are taken back to the temple as a procession in the light of traditional torches, marking the conclusion of the festival. It is also famous for Navaratri festival wherein the mother goddess is venerated in different manifestations including that of Saraswati & Durga. This festival lasts for 9 days. The iconic Swathi Thirunal (a famous musician-king) music festival is held every year during this festival that attracts musicians from all over the country and is a musical-feast.
Another biggest festival associated with this temple is the "Laksha-deepam", which means the lighting of a hundred thousand lamps. This unique festival is unique and happens once in 6 years. In preparation of the festival, prayers from the Vedas (holy texts of the Hindus) are recited for 56 days and with the commencement of the festival, a hundred thousand oil lamps are lit in and around the temple premises. The reflection of the bright gopura is visible on the Padma Theertham and is an awesome sight. The last Laksha-deepam was in 2008 and the next one is slated to be held on January 2014
Other prominent places to visit (just a few of them):
(1) The Napier Museum- it is named after the former governor of Madras, General John Napier. The building with its profusion of gables and turrets is beautiful and the outcome of the creative thoughts of the English architect Chisholm. It is a product of ecclectical ideas and combines varying architectural styles. It is located within the aptly named museum compound and close to the iconic Kanakakunnu (golden hill) Palace. A repository of fine works of art, it displays rare archaeological and historical artifacts including bronze idols, ivory carvings, Stone sculptures and ornaments dating from 11th century to the 18th century. The chief attraction here is the 250-year-old temple car made for Lord Vishnu (Padmanabha), artistically designed and ornamented. Besides this, objects carved out of wood, models of temple, antique jewelry, etc., make the museum worth a visit. The museum better known as Thiruvananthapuram museum or Art museum was built in 1855 making it the oldest in Kerala.
(2) Sree Chithra Art Gallery is also located within the Museum compound and displays a rare collection of paintings. Its main attractions are paintings by Raja Ravi Varma, Nicholas Roerich, Rabindranath Tagore, Jamimi Roy, K. K. Hebar, along with miniatures from the Rajput and Mughal schools of painting and the famous Tanjore paintings encrusted with semi-precious stones and mural paintings typifying malayali culture. It also exhibits paintings from around the world including China, Japan, Tibet and Bali. It was inaugurated the KingChithira Thirunal in 1935. The most important collection includes rare mural paintings dating back to the pre historic time. The Sree Chithra Enclave is located adjacent to the gallery. This is a museum that depicts the history of the Travancore Royal Family and displays their personal belongings and artifacts including old newspaper clippings.
(3) Palace museum also known as the Kuthira Malika (Puthenmalika) Palace: It islocated on the eastern entrance of the Padmanabhaswami temple. It has a good collection of many antique items used during the reign of the Travancore kings. The museum is well maintained and has artifacts, paintings, wood carvings, huge chandeliers, Belgian glass mirrors, marble sculptures, weapons, portraits of Travancore kings & their thrones. Being an erstwhile royal building built by famous musician-King Swathi Thirunal in 1844, it is also a walk into the haloed residence of the kings. The building is called Kuthiramalika(Horse palace) because the palace exterior has a lot of wooden horse figures carved into it. This beautiful, two storied, 80-room palace was built based on the traditional Kerala architecture.
(4) The Kanakakunnu Palace. The red and white colored Palace is one of the major tourist attractions of the city. It is located well within its centre. Located besides the Napier Museum, it is an architectural classic is often the venue for exhibitions and cultural programs. It was originally commissioned by the then Travancore King, Moolam Thirunal and built on the crest of a small hill surrounded by meadows and grooves, it was used to hold royal banquets.
(5) Navarathri Mandapam: It islocated adjacent to the Padmanabha Swami temple, near the Kuthira Malika Palace. It is the venue of the 10-day annual Navarathri celebrations.
(6) Sree Parashurama Temple, Thiruvallam- The temple lies six kilometers south from the city, on the Thiruvananthapuram-Kovalam road. According to the prevailing local traditions, this temple is2000 years old temple and lies on the banks of Karamana River. Origin myths of Kerala attribute its creation to the warrior-sage Parashurama (an avatar of lord Vishnu). It is the only temple in Kerala dedicated to him. Ancestor-worship being widely prevalent in Kerala, this is "the" spot for 'Balitharpanam' (annual offering to dead for the peace of their soul). The temple is a protected monument and had been dated back to the 13th century.
(7) Shanmugham Beach- Another splendid beach, it is located close to the airport 8 kilometers from the city. It is the best place to watch sunset. The famous 35 m long "Matsya Kanyaka' (the mermaid) sculpture designed by the local artist Kanayi Kunjiraman is an added attraction here. One may see a few palaces, old pavilions etc in and around the beach.
(8) Kovalam- The iconic beach of Kerala known as the "Paradise of the South", is located 16 kilometers from Thiruvananthapuram city has been on the tourists' radar since the 1930's. The name in local vernacular means "a grove of coconut trees" and true to its name the village offers an endless sight of coconut trees. It consists of two adjacent beaches- ‘Samudra' and the 'Howah'. The Howah beach has black sand and is a contrast to the pristine white sands of Kovalam. There is an Lighthouse that stands as a sentinel to the old times when merchant ships from other lands would arrive for trading. These beaches are close to the Vizhinjham port.
(9) Vizhinjham Rock Cut Cave Temple: dating backto the18th century, these cave temples are dedicated to Vinandhara Dakshinamurthi (a benevolent manifestation of the destroyer among the Hindu trinity lord Shiva). It is about 17 kilometers from the Thiruvananthapuram city. Located between a small well maintained garden, it also has sculptures related to Lord Siva and Parvathy. The cave is a recent discovery.
(10) Varkala: it is an important Hindu pilgrimage center in this region. Its fame originates from the presence of the 'Papanasham' (Papanasham means redemption from sins or destruction of sins) beach, The Janardhana Swami Temple (2000 years old according to "legends") and Sivagiri. The Papanasham beach also known as the Varkala beach lies 45 kilometers away from Thiruvananthapuram. It is also ideal for viewing the sunset. Red laterite cliffs' overlooking the beach is the main attraction. According to mythology, the sage Naradha created the place Varkala with his 'Valkalam' (cloth made of the bark of a tree), and he advised his disciples to pray sitting along the seashore for their salvation. The Janardhana Swami temple deifies Lord Siva, Lord Krishna and Hanuman as important deities. Though non-Hindus are not permitted to enter the inner sanctum of the temple, others can see around the temple. Sivagiri is the final resting place of the great social reformer Sree Narayana Guru and lies on a hilltop 3 kilometers from Varkala at Sivagiri. A caste-ridden asymmetrical society Kerala was described by Swami Vivekananda as a "madhouse". It was Narayana Guru who himself belonged to the backward "Ezhava community" who tried effectively to bring about a change in such outdated thinking processes. His motto was "one caste", "one religion" and "One god for entire mankind". He has been deified and continues to be the symbol of Kerala's struggle for social equality.
© Sanjai velayudhan
The author would like to thank you for reading through this article. Please do send your feedback on sanjai.velayudhan@gmail.com.
About the Author
A behavioural trainer by education and a loyalty specialist by profession, Sanjai has PG qualifications in Training and performance management from CLMS, University of Leicester. Sanjai is a compulsive writer and has recently chosen article base to put his thoughts together. He also writes extensively on loyalty programs. To read them, please visit: http://www.itcinfotech.com/Loyalty-Solutions/Home.html. to know more about him simply google-"Sanjai Velayudhan". Enough said.
Has anyone ever heard of the game Thirteen Steps to the Devil?
This came up in conversation with friends. Its a sort-of variant on local ouija board school based urban legends here in Sussex, but no one outside of here seems to have heard of it.
Its been a while since a played it, so the details are iffy to me - something aboutclosing your eyes and imagining you are walking down thirteen steps to hell, and then running back up them before the devil catches you. Obviously, everyone who told me this had heard of someone who had been caught and promptly went crazy? This sound familiar to anyone?
i think it happened to you.
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Honda Odyssey
North American market
First generation (19951998)
First generation
Also called
Isuzu Oasis
Honda Shuttle (german Wiki)
Production
19951998
Chassis RA1 RA3
Assembly
Sayama, Japan
Layout
FF layout
Engine(s)
2.2 L 140 hp ('95-'97)/2.3 L 150 hp ('98) I4
Transmission(s)
4-speed automatic
Wheelbase
111.4 in (2830 mm)
Length
187.6 in (4765 mm) (1997-98)
187.2 in (4755 mm) (1995-96)
Width
70.6 in (1793 mm)
Height
64.6 in (1641 mm)
Related
Acura CL
Acura TL
Honda Accord
Isuzu Aska
(Chassis RA1 RA3)
1997-1998 Honda Odyssey (US)
The Odyssey was introduced in 1995 as Honda's first minivan based on the Accord platform, with a 4-cylinder engine, all-disc anti-lock braking, all wishbone suspension, and a four-speed automatic transmission with a steering-column-mounted shifter and a hill-hold feature, marketed as Grade Logic. The design featured unibody construction, dual airbags, dual gloveboxes, dual zone heating and cooling with 20 percent greater capacity than an Accord's system (overhead rear fan-speed adjustment control, and main control switch over the front-seat passenger), conventional rear swing-open rather than sliding doors, and a third row seat that could fold and tumble into a compartment beneath the floor the spacesaver spare tire carried inside, on the right, rear wall of the cabin.
Honda marketed the first generation Odyssey in two trim levels. The LX accommodated seven passengers with two front buckets, a removable three-seat middle bench, and a 2-seat third row bench. The EX accommodated six passengers (using two removeable second row captain's chairs in lieu of the bench) and offered additional equipment including a roof rack, alloy wheels, power driver's seat height adjustment, power sunroof, remote keyless entry system, fog lights (later model years), body-colored side moldings and mirrors, map lights, and 20-watt AM/FM/cassette six-speaker audio system.
In a cooperative agreement between Honda and Isuzu, Isuzu offered a rebadged version of the Odyssey from 19961999 as the Isuzu Oasis. In turn, Honda and Acura offered the rebadged Rodeo and Trooper as the Passport and SLX, respectively.
In 1996, New York City's Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC) expanded the number of licensable automobiles, approving the first generation Odyssey for use in the city's taxi fleet the Odyssey having been recommended by the seven year-old grandson of a TLC advisory commission member. Initial test riders identified advantages over then-prevalent Chevrolet Caprice and the Ford Crown Victoria taxi models including greater height (for a better view of the road), headroom, rear legroom, rear footroom (the front-wheel-drive Odyssey having a flat floor) and cargo space over the sedans, as well as air-conditioning vents in the rear, which the sedans did not offer.
Reception
At its debut, the Odyssey won the Japan Car of the Year Award (Special Category) and the RJC New Car of the Year Award. By September 1997, the Odyssey had sold more than 300,000 units, becoming Honda fastest-selling new car and breaking the Civic record. The Odyssey was Wheels magazine's Car of the Year for 1995. At the Odyssey's European launch, where it was marketed as the Shuttle, British ex-Grand Prix driver Jonathan Palmer described its handling as equal of any "executive saloon".
In a 1995 survey owner survey, 98% of the respondents rated the Odyssey's handling as above average, 50.3 percent rating engine power to be good and 25 percent wanted a more powerful engine. A later review of the first generation Odyssey summarized the minivan's market reception:
The Odyssey was misplaced in the minivan market, which favors a huge, comfortable amount of interior space and versatility
Development
The Odyssey was engineered by Kunimichi Odagaki, then a chief engineer at the Honda's Research and Development Center, along with a team of 20 members in the wake of Japan recession of the early 1990's and the possibility of a 25-percent tariffs if the minivans were imported to the U.S. as light trucks. In the course of developing the Odyssey, it became paramount to circumvent these obstacles and conceive a feasible interior package that could use existing manufacturing facilities with minimal investment.
Odagaki traveled to the U.S. in September 1990 with a small sub-team to conduct a review of the U.S. minivan market. At the projects inception, the team was considering variations for the project from 4-cylinder to V6 alternatives, when the project was canceled.
Odagaki continued working with an "underground" team, using as its design credo the concept of a "personal jet" which in turn led to the car's original PJ concept code-name. Odagaki conceived the idea of the third row seat folding into a floor compartment, and he worked with his team to include a "center aisle." The team determined a minimum interior height of 1.2 meters to retain the aisle, and favored a design with a low floor to provide ease of passenger entry and exit, easy garage-ability, low roof-loading height, as well as enhanced productivity on the assembly line.
The team worked to convince management of the project's viability, using extensive illustrations, a one-quarter scale model and a full-size foam model. By April of 1991, Odagaki won permission to develop a prototype.
See: Original design presentation drawings for the Honda Odyssey, Generation One
After bringing the right-hand drive prototype to the U.S., Odagaki won the support of American Honda. Production was officially launched on October 20, 1994 the first Honda model in to be released at the same time through Honda's three Japanese distribution channels (Primo, Clio, Verno), marketing the Odyssey through the three channels under the same name.
At its debut, the Odyssey won the Japan Car of the Year Award (Special Category) and the RJC New Car of the Year Award. By September 1997, the Odyssey had sold more than 300,000 units, becoming Honda fastest-selling new car and breaking the Civic record.
Second generation (19992004)
Second generation (North America)
Also called
Honda LaGreat (JDM)
Guangzhou-Honda Odyssey
Production
19992004
Assembly
Alliston, Ontario, Canada
Guangzhou, China
Lincoln, Alabama, USA
Layout
FF layout
Engine(s)
3.5 L V6 210 hp(99-01)240 hp(02-04)
Transmission(s)
4-speed automatic (19992001)
5-speed automatic (2002-04)
Wheelbase
118.1 in (3000 mm)
Length
201.2 in (5110 mm)
Width
75.6 in (1920 mm)
Height
69.7 in (1770 mm)
68.5 in (1740 mm) (LX)
Related
Acura CL
Acura MDX
Acura TL
Acura TSX
Honda Accord
Honda Pilot
(Chassis RL1)
The second generation North American market Odyssey was first assembled in Canada as a 1999 model mainly for North America and marketed in Japan as the LaGreat between 1999 and 2004. The television ad campaign for the new Odyssey evoked moments from the film 2001: A Space Odyssey, particularly the the extended space-station docking and lunar landing sequencess to the soundtrack of The Blue Danube waltz.
By its second generation, the Odyssey was considerably larger than its predecessor, and adopted the Chrysler style minivan format, with sliding rear doors instead of hinged ones, and a 210 horsepower (160 kW) V6 engine instead of the original, four-cylinder. The Odyssey offered two sliding doors as standard equipment, whereas some minivans of the time only offered one, a second door being optional. The Odyssey offered power sliding doors which were standard on the EX trims, but optional on the LX trims. The Odyssey kept the fold-into-the-floor rear seat, an innovation adopted by many other minivans. The van continued to receive upgrades, such as offering both VHS and DVD-based entertainment systems. There was also an available Honda Satellite-Linked Navigation System, introduced in 2000, which became the first navigation system ever offered in a minivan.
For the 2002 model side torso airbags were added and also made standard.
The 2004 model was the only second generation Odyssey model year to receive reliability ratings of five out of five according to Automotive Information Systems.[citation needed]. Consumer Reports gave the Odyssey its highest marks in the IIHS Frontal Offset, Gov't Frontal, and Gov't Side in years 20002008 (there was no Gov't Side testing for the 1999 model, and no data available for the 2009 model).[clarification needed]
The second generation Odyssey was a commercial success. It was praised for its powerful V6, its handling from its four wheel independent suspension, and its features such as a large cabin, power sliding doors and the stow-away third-row seat. It won consecutive Edmunds.com Editors' Most Wanted awards from 19992003 in the minivan category.
Mid-generational Refresh
The Odyssey also received a significant increase in power from 210 hp (157 kW) to 240 hp (179 kW) in 2002. Also added for 2002 was a five-speed automatic transmission, side airbags, rear disc brakes, and a few minor cosmetic improvements on the outside as well as the inside. The Odyssey remained unchanged for 2003 and 2004, before being replaced with the third-generation model.
Transmission issues
The 4-speed automatic transmission in 1999 to 2001 models had serious problems with transmission durability. Honda spokesman Mike Spencer stated that four-speed models were afflicted with a bad bearing that could break apart, scattering fragments of metal that clogged fluid passageways in the transmission, causing it to shift erratically. Honda responded to the problems by extending the warranty on the transmission on U.S.A. '99-'01 models to 7 years or 100,000 miles (160,900 km). A class action settlement further extended coverage to 109,000 miles (175,400 km) or 93 months for some '99-'01 Odysseys in the U.S.A. Canada is not included. The five-speed automatic was first installed in Odyssey in the 2002 model, but general reliability of the transmission did not improve until 2004 according to Consumer Reports. Mike Spencer, a spokesman for Acura, said that the five-speed models typically were damaged by premature wear of the third-gear clutch pack. As the clutch friction material abraded, it scattered bits inside the transmission case, clogging fluid lines and causing erratic shifting. Drivers might suffer slipping, poor or no shifts, or sudden down-shifts from 5th gear to 2nd gear.
Under some conditions, a A different 5-speed transmission problem arose, whereby second gear could overheat and break, causing the transmission to lock. An oil jet was added to lubricate this gear but this did not solve the third gear clutch problem. The addition of the Honda transmission cooler with the towing package still allows transmission fluid temperatures that are too high. But it was required along with a power steering cooler for any towing, or the warranty would be void. The Acura CL, TL, MDX and Honda Accord suffered similar problems.
Third generation (20052010)
Third generation (North America)
Production
20052010
Assembly
Lincoln, Alabama, USA
Layout
FF layout
Engine(s)
3.5 L V6 255 hp(05)244(06+07)241(08)
Transmission(s)
5-speed automatic
Wheelbase
118.1 in (3000 mm)
Length
2005-07: 201.0 in (5105 mm)
2008resent: 202.1 in (5133 mm)
Width
77.1 in (1958 mm)
Height
70.0 in (1778 mm)
68.8 in (1747.5 mm) (LX)
Related
Acura MDX
Acura TL
Acura TSX
Honda Accord
Honda Pilot
Honda Elysion
(Chassis RL3)
Honda introduced the third-generation Odyssey for the 2005 model year. It grew in width and weight but retained the previous generation's length and interior space.
Honda introduced the ACE body engineering to the third-generation Odyssey, which was later used on the eighth generation Civic. Side-curtain airbags and electronic stability control are included in all models both features were previously unavailable.
A host of other features were added, such as integrated sunshades in the rear doors, windows that roll down in the second row, and the third row 'Magic Seat' was changed from a straight bench design to a split 60/40 design to allow for easier folding. The headrests could now be left in place when tumbling the rear seat. Some notable features of the redesign were dual glove boxes and an in-floor Lazy Susan storage compartment, located where the spare tire went in the previous generation. The rear part of the windows changed shape. It has a dashboard-mounted shifter, instead of a column-mounted shifter in the previous generations. The second row bucket seats do not fold into the floor. A 'Plus-One' jump seat was optional on EX and more expensive trims for use with an eighth passenger.
Engine power was increased to 255 (re rated to 244 by the new SAE guidelines, and used in 2006+model descriptions) and EX-L and Touring models received Honda's VCM, or Variable Cylinder Management system. This enabled this van to receive U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) fuel economy ratings of 20 mpg-US (12 L/100 km; 24 mpg-imp)/28 mpg-US (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg-imp) for the 2005 model year. (18 mpg-US (13 L/100 km; 22 mpg-imp)/26 mpg-US (9.0 L/100 km; 31 mpg-imp) for non VCM equipped LX and EX models.) These numbers were re-rated in 2007, bringing numbers to 17/24 for VCM equipped models, and 16/23 for non VCM equipped models. Consumer Reports noted in the 2005 auto issue that Odyssey was one of the vehicles that recorded gas mileage that was much lower than EPA ratings. Acceleration was slightly slower than generation two models.
The EX-L and higher trims can be purchased with both navigation and rear entertainment systems, while the VHS-based i-VES system was dropped. There are four trim levels in the United States: LX, EX, EX-L, and Touring, the top-of-the-line package in the Odyssey lineup that incorporating features such as run-flat tires and power tailgate.
Only the Touring model is equipped with run flat Pax tires that are designed to run 125 miles (201 km) with no air pressure. Pax was not sold on Canadian market vans because availability of tires and service could not be assured. Pax consists of a unique tire with different rim diameters on the inside compared to the outside, a support ring which is a hard ring that is mounted on the proprietary Pax only wheel, a gel lubricant and the wheel itself. When flat, Pax runs on the inner support ring lubricated by special gel. It also included TPMS even before tire pressure measuring systems were required by the government. Pax run flats wear faster than other Odyssey original tires by design with thinner tread grooves at the edges and ride harder due to the lower profile which reduces the distance from the outside of the tire to the support ring when flat. Pax tires cost about $1200 for a set of four or $1600 for 4 snow tires including mounting fee and the Gel pack. Pax requires special equipment and training to mount and do wheel alignment which many shops do not have. A proprietary gel pack is needed for mounting or overheating when running flat will occur. Some dealers and very few tire stores are able to mount or repair Pax. This makes prices high and availability reduced. Replacement or repair, especially on weekends and holidays is limited. The only Pax tires for Odyssey Touring are Michelin Energy LX4 or Michelin X-Ice snow tires. No other Odyssey Touring tire choices exist for 20052007 despite being on the market since late 2004. Pax became an option for 2008 models.
Third generation Odyssey has fewer transmission problems compared to the second generation, and 20052008 overall reliability has been average to better than average according to Consumer Reports. Problem areas include body integrity, body hardware, audio system, brakes and suspension according to Consumer Reports, April 2007. Owners have reported shuddering from VCM operation, engine mount and/or torque converter issues. Crash test ratings have been five star in every test but the 2005 had a safety concern. "During the side impact test, the driver door became unlatched and opened. A door opening during a side impact crash increases the likelihood of occupant ejection." Odyssey has won a spot on Car and Driver's 5Best trucks for the past three years, as well as a host of other awards. The Odyssey is the top-ranked minivan in the US News charts.
Mid-generational refresh
2010 Honda Odyssey EX
For 2008, the Odyssey received a mid-model facelift. All models are equipped with active front head restraints, daytime running lights, and a standard MP3 jack. The grille is similar to the 2008 Accord and the taillights have been restyled.
The backup camera, previously only included with navigation-equipped models, is integrated into the rear-view mirror of the non-navigation EX-L. There is also full Bluetooth support on the Touring model, for all Bluetooth-equipped devices. The Touring models are now standard with navigation and the Plus-One jumpseat on the EX and EX-L.
In Canada, a new entry-level DX trim was added to complement the LX, EX, EX-L, and Touring packages for the 2008 and 2009 model years. The DVD rear entertainment system can be ordered on the EX-L trim and is standard on the Touring. The DX lacks features such as the "2nd-Row Plus One Seat with storage", conversation mirror with sunglasses holder, tinted glass, roof rails, and has black body moldings.
JD Powers latest evaluation reported an increase in quality issues reported by owners. The most frequent concerns are vehicle vibration, steering vibration, and erratic operation of transmission.
Japanese domestic market (JDM) and international market
First Generation (19951999)
First generation (JDM model)
Production
19941999
Assembly
Sayama, Japan
Layout
FF layout
F4 layout
Engine(s)
2.2L I4
2.3L I4 VTEC
3.0L 200 hp (149 kW) VTEC V6
Transmission(s)
4-speed automatic
2WD-FF/4WD
Related
Acura CL
Acura MDX
Acura TL
Acura TSX
Honda Accord
Honda Avancier
(RA1-RA5 chassis)
The first generation Japanese domestic market Odyssey was similar but not completely the same as the North American version. The right-hand drive version had a 4WD transmission (with RA2 and RA4 chassis), and 3.0L J30A engine with the RA5 chassis (Prestige version). L and Aero models were equipped with a sunroof. All the JDM Odysseys had the double-air conditioning system, separate for the front and rear seaters.
Since the first generation all the models have been six or seven seater versions.
In Japan, the Odyssey competed with the Toyota Gaia and the Nissan Bassara.
Second generation (19992003)
Second generation (JDM model)
Production
19992003
Assembly
Sayama, Japan
Guangzhou,China
Layout
FF layout
F4 layout
Engine(s)
2.3L I4
3.0L 210 hp (157 kW) VTEC V6
Transmission(s)
4-speed automatic
5-speed automatic
2WD-FF/4WD
Related
Acura CL
Acura MDX
Acura TL
Acura TSX
Honda Accord
Honda Pilot
(RA6-RA9 chassis)
In the late 1999, a new, larger "second generation" Odyssey appeared in Japan and Australia and as a Left hand Drive (LHD) in China. However, this new Odyssey was a major upgrade of the first generation Odyssey rather than a completely new model. As a result, its overall shape and appearance were similar to the first generation Odyssey. Still, it was 85 mm (3.3 in) longer and 10 mm (0.4 in) wider than the previous model; while the saloon's length was shortened. The base model continued to be sold with a 2.3 L 4-cylinder engine F23A (RA6(2WD) & RA7(4WD), however, the a 3.0 L VTEC V6 engine J30A (from the first generation, producing now 210 hp (154 kW)) was available with RA8(2WD) & RA9(4WD). The 2000 Odyssey was the first Honda to receive a 5-speed automatic transmission (with the 3.0L engine). All the second generation gearboxes also featured another first - a tiptronic-like manual mode, known as "Honda S-matic", in which a gearbox remains to be a classic Honda's hydro-automat, but the driver is able to manage the shifting moment (if electronically allowed) with the selector's '+' & '-' positions. The interior was completely new. The old automatic column shifter was moved to the centre console. Digital climate controls replaced the old manual controls, and were situated near the audio system controls. Woodgrain trim was standard on all models, while in V6-L models leather was standard. The interior configuration was also changed (second and third row), and the spare wheel was moved to a new position beneath the third row. With L and Absolute versions, an additional third-row heater was added. The sunroof was no longer available.
A sporty 'Absolute' version with all the chassis for the first time has appeared. This co-Mugen tuned version differs by the modified suspension of the European-like car's behavior, 17-inch wheels and some exterior/interior changes.
In January 2003, the Odyssey was given a mild restyle. It received new, larger Honda emblems for the front and rear, clear-lens tail-lights (replacing amber), and a larger front grille with 4 chrome strips instead of 3. Pricing was reduced by US$2,000 (US$24,490) for the 4-cylinder, and US$4,000 for the V6 (US$30,490). In the Australian market, the new Odyssey proved more popular than its predecessor, at least initially. However, in 2002, sales hit an all-time low, and in 2003, sales of only 649 units were almost one-third of the total in 2000.
Third generation (20032008)
Third generation (JDM model)
Production
20032008
Assembly
Sayama, Japan
Guangzhou,China
Layout
Front engine, front-wheel drive / all-wheel drive
Engine(s)
2.4L 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp) or 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) I4
Transmission(s)
5-speed automatic with 4WD
CVT with 2WD-FF
Wheelbase
111.4 in (2830 mm)
Length
2004-05: 188.2 in (4780 mm)
Width
2004-05: 72.0 in (1829 mm)
2006-08: 1,800 mm (70.9 in)
Height
61.0 in (1549 mm)
Related
Acura MDX
Acura TL
Acura TSX
Honda Accord
Honda Pilot
Honda Elysion
(RB1-RB2 chassis)
The third generation Japanese-built Odyssey was the first full redesign of the Odyssey since its introduction in 1995. Going on sale in Japan in late 2003, and in Australia and many other countries in 2004, it continued with a 5-door body style, with a much sleeker, lower, and more car-like appearance. For the first time cruise-control appeared on the JDM Odyssey. The 4WD version has received the new DPS system. The seat folding mechanism was changed again. The height of the new Odyssey was lower than ever - designed with multi-level parking in mind, particularly for Japan. The new Odyssey came with the Honda K24A i-VTEC engine, a 2.4 L unit producing 160 hp (118 kW); this was the same engine used in the CR-V and Accord. A 4WD version (RB2) came only with an automatic transmission, while the 2WD version came only with a continuously variable transmission. The V6 engine was dropped completely. Instead, a 200 hp (147 kW) forced variant of the K24A engine was adopted for the sporty Absolute version (190 hp (147 kW) with 4WD), which was only equipped with an automatic transmission - both the 2WD & 4WD variants. Moreover, this new engine had the same fuel consumption as the old 2.2 engine. All this resulted in the new Odyssey becoming a sales success. In Australia, the Odyssey achieved its best-ever sales year in 2005, and outsold the Toyota Tarago for the first time.
2007 Odyssey interior
Fourth generation (2008-)
Fourth generation (JDM model)
Also called
Guangzhou-Honda Odyssey
Production
2008resent
Assembly
Sayama, Japan
Guangzhou,China
Layout
Front engine, front-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Engine(s)
2.4 L K24A8 DOHC i-VTEC I4
Transmission(s)
5-speed automatic
Wheelbase
2,830 mm (111.4 in)
Length
4,780 mm (188.2 in)
Width
1,800 mm (70.9 in)
Height
1,550 mm (61.0 in)
The sales for the fourth generation of the Odyssey in the JDM market started October 17, 2008. Honda will create the 2009 and 2010 JDM Odyssey on the same platform as the 2008, keeping many of the 5 door body style and a four cylinder engine.
2008 Odyssey interior
Awards and Recognition
The Odyssey has received numerous awards since its inception, winning both Car and Driver's "5 Best Trucks" and Consumer Reports' "Top Pick Minivan" several times. It has received mostly positive reviews from car critics, resulting in a score of 93% on Sevencargargage.com.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Developing a Car with a Roomy Interior". Honda Worldwide. http://world.honda.com/history/challenge/1994odyssey/text/01.html.
^ a b c "First Drive: 1999 Honda Odyssey". Insideline, Greg Anderson, Jan 1, 1999. http://www.insideline.com/honda/odyssey/1999/first-drive-1999-honda-odyssey.html.
^ a b c "Honda Odyssey EX V S Nissan Quest GXE - Road Test". Motor Trend, March 1995, Jeff Karr. http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/112_9503_honda_odyssey_ex_vs_nissan_quest_gxe_road_test/index.html.
^ a b c "1995 Honda Odyssey - Long Term Wrapup". Motor Trend, February 1995, Jeff Bartlet. http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/honda/112_9702_1995_honda_odyssey/index.html.
^ "A More Varied Diet for a Cab-Hungry City". The New York Times, David Stout, May 3, 1996. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/03/nyregion/a-more-varied-diet-for-a-cab-hungry-city.html?pagewanted=1.
^ "Brooklyn People in Profile: Jimmy Beatrice". New York Daily News, Laura Williams, September 30th 1996. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/ny_local/1996/09/30/1996-09-30_brooklyn_people_in_profile.html.
^ "A Cab That's a Van!' and Other Reactions to a Test Drive". The New York Times, Richard Perez-Pena, November 5, 1995. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/05/nyregion/a-cab-that-s-a-van-and-other-reactions-to-a-test-drive.html?scp=1&sq=honda odyssey taxi&st=cse.
^ a b "Honda Odyssey Minivan". Edmunds.com. http://www.edmunds.com/honda/odyssey/review.html. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ a b "Honda SHUTTLE (1995 - 2000)". Yahoo Cars, UK, Jonathan Crouch. http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/carandriving/reviewused/honda_shuttle2002169.html.
^ "Honda Worldwide | Products & Technology | Automobiles | History". World.honda.com. http://world.honda.com/automobile/history.html. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
^ a b "Honda's Unexpected Gear Shift". The L.A. Times, John O'dell, Sep 11 2002. http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/11/autos/hy-acura11.
^ Honda Transmission Settlement
^ Odyssey Transmission Recall
^ OdyClub Forums - "Does Plus one seat fit touring?"
^ NHTSA - 2005 Honda Odyssey w/SAB
^ "2010 Honda Odyssey Reviews, Pictures and Prices". U.S. News Rankings and Reviews. http://usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/cars-trucks/Honda_Odyssey/. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ Honda Announces the All-New Oddyssey
^ "Quality and Reliability Make Honda Odyssey Award-Winning Minivan". Honda.com. 2003-10-06. http://www.honda.com/newsandviews/article.aspx?id=1514. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ Seven Car Garage - Honda Odyssey
Issue of Nov 2003 of Car and Driver HK
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Honda Odyssey
Official U.S. Site
YahooAutos-2007 Honda Odyssey
Honda Odyssey Transmission Information
YahooAutos-2006 Honda Odyssey
In depth Information on the 2005+ Honda Odyssey
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Categories: Honda vehicles | Minivans | Vans | Front wheel drive vehicles | Vehicles with CVT transmission | All wheel drive vehicles | 1990s automobiles | 2000s automobiles | 2010s automobiles | Vehicles introduced in 1995 | Upcoming automobiles | Motor vehicles manufactured in the United StatesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 | All pages needing cleanup | Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2009
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OPTIMALNY VARIANT - Legends of Russian Rock / Zolotaya kollektsiya (RUSSIAN) $6.99 ... |
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Wildcat: Legends of Flight $29.95 Fly the fighter that won the war at sea! The Grumman F4-F Wildcat was one of the most successful US aircraft of WWII and battled throughout the war. From service with the British Navy in 1940 to VJ Day in 1945, the Wildcat was there. When the US Navy and Marines entered the Pacific theatre and when the atomic bomb was dropped to put an end to hostilities, the Wildcat was there. It was supplied to ... |
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Troy Aikman Variant Rare Blue Jersey McFarlane NFL Legends 1 $98.89 Name: Troy AikmanManufacturer: McFarlane ToysSeries: NFL Legends Series 1Release Date: September 2005Team: Dallas CowboysDetails (Description): Variant Figure. Stands approximately 6" tall and features Aikman in his Blue Jersey. Figure comes with Removable Base.... |
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McFarlane Toys NFL Sports Picks Legends Series 1 Action Figure Troy Aikman (Dallas Cowboys) White Jersey $28.99 Stands approximately 6 inches tall and features Aikman in his White Jersey. Figure comes with Removable Base.... |
Legends Variant
