Jae Lee
Jae Lee
Cluster based routing protocol in mobile wireless sensor network
Introduction:
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN） consist of a large number of small relatively inexpensive and low-power sensors and digital processor for processing the signal from the sensor and performing network protocol functions. Clustering is one of methods used to manage network energy consumption efficiently. In this case each group of sensors has a cluster head each cluster head are interconnected for generating a communication backbone to transmit data to the sink node .[5] wireless sensor networks are designed to accommodate energy efficiency, dynamic self organization and mobility. In typical applications of wireless sensor networks, fixed sensor nodes are mixed with mobile sensor nodes in 'hot areas', and fixed sensor nodes are placed in specific locations with power supply, but mobile sensor nodes are not so ever. Mobile sensor nodes are severely constrained by the amount of battery power available, limiting the lifetime and quality of the network
[1] The sensor nodes and routing the sensed information has to be done in an energy efficient way to ensure good lifetime for the network. Hence, data transfer protocols play an important role in wireless sensor networks major part of the research work concentrates on extending life time of networks by designing energy efficient protocols, which is the core of this paper. In this paper, we propose a distributed and energy efficient protocol called Cluster based routing protocol (CBRP) for data transferring in wireless sensor networks.
[2] [3] [4] [5] [6], Cluster based routing protocol (CBRP) define new algorithm for cluster head election that can better handle heterogeneous energy circumstances than existing clustering algorithms which elect the cluster head only based on a node's own residual energy.
After the cluster formation phase, CBRP constructs a spanning tree over all of the cluster heads. Only the root node of this tree can communicate with the sink node by single-hop communication. Because the energy consumption for all communications in in-network can be computed by the free space model, [8] If a node receives more than cluster head messages from different cluster heads, the node selects the one with the minimal hop count as its own cluster head and sends a cluster join message to the cluster head.
[7] Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is one of the popular cluster-based structures. It has been regard as a relatively perfect routing protocol in wireless networks (WSN) in this protocol the nodes organize themselves into local clusters, with one node acting as the local cluster-head. [16] The data transmission process is divided into two phases: data reception phase and data forwarding phase. In the data reception phase, the main task is to select the data receiving nodes. And in the data forwarding phase, the main task is to select the best forwarding node from those receiving nodes the selection of forwarding node mainly depends on "Hand up mechanism".
We have gone through 20 twenty papers which will focus on providing the detailed description on requirement procedure are involved Cluster based routing protocol (CBRP) in wireless sensor network.
PROBLEM AND ISSUE
Many research activities have been carried out concerning Cluster based routing protocol (CBRP) wireless cellular networks but these papers proposed the different protocol routing mechanisms, Routing scheme, and algorithms.
[1]. Cluster based routing protocol
The packet loss is one of main challenges that occur due to mobility of the sensor nodes in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and it comes in parallel with energy consumption.
In [1] the clusters heads are selected sensor node to choose most appropriate cluster head according to received signals strength and then sends the join message to cluster head. After the cluster head receives the join message from the sensor nodes, it will create a time division multiple access (TDMA) schedule and broadcast to its members.
In [2] the local administrative functions (LAFs): include master function, re-keying function, and derivation function. The local administrative functions (LAFs) is responsible for key generation of the cluster session keys depending on the initial master key and local control key, the master key (MK) function is used to generate new key values based on requesting massages come from Base Station (BS) or Cluster head.
In [3]Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) Protocol is used to improve the network life time in wireless sensor network Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) can be divided into rounds. Each round begins with a set-up phase, steady-state phase when the clusters are organized, steady-state phase where several frames of data are transferred from the nodes to the cluster head and on to the base station.
In [4] Self organizing multi hop clustering protocol, which is used for neighbor discovery and create a cluster at the end of network. This protocol is select neighbor receives a configuration message from the sink node and becomes the initiator and cluster head (CH). The links established between gateways and initiators can also be used for inter cluster.
In [5] Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) Mobile protocol was proposed for mobile nodes to continue the data transmission for a specific wireless sensor cluster head basic idea in LEACH-Mobile is to confirm whether a mobile sensor node is able to communicate with a specific cluster head.
[2]. Cluster routing Algorithm
The problem occur to send data packets from the source node to the mobile sink node for the specific cluster head , via the node meet through a tree connected from the assignation cluster head (CH) in the assignation manner.
In [6] the clustering routing algorithm is used to find out intra cluster and inter cluster link in wireless sensor network clusters are acted as a router, which maintain and distribute of the routing information After node is selected as cluster head, it will broadcast information that he is the cluster head to the rest of the nodes in the same cluster. The remaining nodes decide to join the cluster according to the size of the received signal.
In [7]Weighted Clustering Algorithm based on Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol (WCA- LEACH) that provide higher data received by BS (Base Station) in wireless sensor network in this protocol, the nodes organize themselves into local cluster-head the cluster-heads were chosen an all the nodes are capable of communicating directly with the BS (Base Station)
In [8] the backbone-based Virtual Infrastructure (BVI) based communication protocol is used to support sink mobility without global position information. To reduce the number of CHs and multi-hop clusters. Also, avoid the position check of a mobile sinks node to the whole cluster head (CHs) The Backbone based Virtual Infrastructure (BVI) is collect data from source nodes on the behalf of the sink. For data dissemination to a mobile sink, the head of the cluster where the mobile sink attaches registers the backbone structure on behalf of the mobile sink, and then source nodes generate the data to the cluster head (CH) via the tree. Finally, the cluster head (CH) delivers the data to the mobile sink.
In [9] clustering head algorithm divides the network into several clusters and each has a cluster head and several neighbors. The cluster Head (CH) broadcasts this message to members and to other cluster heads. When a new member joins, a new cluster key KC is generated and distributed by the CKA protocol. When a node aims to leave, then it sends a beacon message to the corresponding CH or all members all CHs autonomously regenerate the group key (Kg) and distribute it to their corresponding members. When a CH leaves the group, it sends a beacon message to all of the members.
In [10] the Multipath routing algorithm probability (MRAP) The MRAP generated different data at the same sensor node and may pick up different transmission paths according to a probability that depends on various parameters, such as the hop distance from intermediate node to sink without any complex calculations and maintaining explicit state information about routes available for each node. The MRAP has higher node energy efficiency and longer network lifetime than conventional multipath routing algorithms
[3]. Lightweight Robust Routing
In the wireless sensor network there is no proper routing protocol for selecting shortest path between two nodes.
In [11] Robust routing is able to provide reliable packet delivery between source and destination nodes source and destination nodes are used to identify an intended path The intended path is called intended nodes. A path is selected on the per packet basis the strong path using multiple guard links, the robustness of an intended link is enhanced at each hop when an intended node fails to receive a packet from its intended upstream node, guard nodes who successfully receive the packet will collaborate to redeliver the packet instead of retransmissions.
In [12] lightweight routing protocol (LWR) that can quickly repair the transmission path when the path is broken caused by the movement of target in the wireless sensor network the source node that detects the target will use LRR protocol to search a new path from the prepared reconstruction area once the target moves out of the reconstruction area, the new source node that detects the target path to the sink node through the reconstruct area. Once the primary path is repaired, nodes on the path will use the same mechanism to update the degree information automatically, the node send requests RREQ message packet to find the primary path from to the sink node.
In [13] Light weight Multi-Hop Wireless sensor Network Routing Protocol to find the shortest possible path between two nodes depending on the connectivity in the WSNMAW (Modified AODV for Wireless Sensor Network) protocol sends the CMD messages to uncertainty temperature, humidity and light sensor readings. When a CMD message is received by the source node, source node broadcasts a REQ message to WSN for the destination node. The intermediate nodes keep forwarding the REQ message until it reaches the destination node. When the REQ message is received at the destination node the destination node responds by transmitting a REP message designated for the source node to connectivity in the WSN.
In [14] link management protocol M-MAC that can dynamically repair the link quality and reduce the per-node energy consumption by improving the network performance and maintain the link status. There are three techniques to measure the M-MAC procedure. Per- node dissipated procedure computes the average energy consumed by a node in delivering messages to the sink node packet latency It indicates the communication performance of the network. Success ratio the number of packets successfully received to the total number of packets originally sent to source node to destination node
In [15] the Shortest Path (SP) three-layer mobile node architecture that organizes all the sensors in mobile wireless sensor networks. There are three types of sensor nodes. Sensor nodes Sensor node with limited storage and processing capacity mainly focus on collecting data. Fusion nodes is used maintaining routing table and receiving fusing the data which is from S nodes and transmitting data to Control nodes by the shortest path. Control nodes Control node after receiving all data from Fusion nodes, Control nodes acts as the gateway and connect to the Internet.
[4]. Data Transmission delay Protocol
There is a problem of instability of wireless network and high-fraction of event loss caused by the mobility of network nodes around the mobile Fusion node routes for data collection.
In [16] The Delay Tolerant Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (DTMSN) protocol is used to provide higher success rate of data transmission nodes and also balance the energy consumption between two nodes data transmission the data transmission process is divided into two phase. Data reception phase this phase is used to selection of receiving nodes. Data forwarding phase, this phase, the main work is to select forwarding node mechanism for competing to be the forwarding node is "Hand up Mechanism." The main idea of this mechanism is that the receiving nodes calculate their "hand up time" it immediately sends the request packet to the sending node to request for sending data. When sending node receives the request packet, it will make a "busy tone" preventing from the other nodes send request packets to forwarding node.
In [17] the minimum transmission multicast routing protocol (MTMRP), which is used to transmit data packets more then on nodes from source to destination nodes in wireless sensor Networks (WSNs) The MTMRP is a lightweight and distributed routing protocol, which is basically, uses only the one-hop neighborhood information to construct a multicast tree from source node to destination-driven nodes there are two main contributions of MTMRP. The new metric in the biased back off scheme is used for selecting routes which can connect more than one multicast receivers. Second Path handover scheme (PHS),the path handover scheme, which not only reduces the transmission overhead in the multicast tree construction phase, but also prunes redundant routes for the minimum transmission multicast routing.
In [18] A new ant-colony routing protocol this new protocol uses to provide a continuity of tracking range of mobile nodes to split the path between source node to destination node, it is used two phase, One is router nodes, which are fixed and responsible for forwarding messages. Other is mobile sensor nodes these mobile sensor nodes move around in the networks according to certain mobility models. Indefinite path, the indefinite path is almost the same as the path of probabilistic search in the traditional ant-colony routing protocols definite path the definite path is the tracking range the tracking range information is gradually known by more and more router nodes.
In [19] Novel Multi-tier mobile wireless sensor network architecture studied the problems of instability of network and high-fraction of event loss caused by the mobility of tiered nodes and mobile Fusion (F) nodes routes for data collection. Fusion nodes included three phases. Sensor Nodes Sensor node with limited storage and processing capacity mainly focus on collecting data Fusion node, the Fusion node is mobile for localization and collecting sensor data in its own dominated area Control node Control node after receiving all data from Fusion nodes, Control nodes acts as the gateway and connect to the Internet.
In [20] thehierarchical data dissemination (HDD) infrastructure of sink centric in large-scale WSNs is used to reduce the selected sensor nodes. HDD routing protocol has two operation steps. First step, HDD and Query Transfer, this step sink nodes are to build an active hierarchical data dissemination infrastructure when it needs data the sink node calculates the locations of its four neighboring dissemination points by adding to its given location If the location of the sink node is locations of dissemination points that are represented as each of the four dissemination points it selects the dissemination node. Two-tier Data Announcement and Forwarding, in this step, the source node is preparing for data reporting to sink node by delivering a data announcement packet when a local dissemination node receives the same data from different sources it aggregates and forwards the data to the sink by high-tier communication. The tables show the performance Analysis of parameter factors.
Papers Analysis Chart
Quality Features
Proposed Solution in Papers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Cluster Head
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
LEACH
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
TDMA
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Guard node
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Mobility of sensor nodes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
LAF
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Cluster Keying Connection
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Multipath routing data
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Robust routing
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
AODV
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
S P Rout Protocol
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
HDD
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
The analysis chart follow the 20 twenty papers in which cluster based routing protocol in mobile wireless sensor network quality features are describe in each papers, the YES show as a proposed solution marked with Red in each paper. The different providers solve major areas in wireless sensor network, & proposed solutions that are open issues and the models which don't cover the areas are marked as No in each paper.
Conclusions
In this paper, we have analyzed Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP) in mobile wireless sensor network for prolong the network sensor lifetime energy consumption and the energy balancing. After the study of 20 papers the CBERP keeps the balance of the energy consumption among the headers since it chooses the leader node means cluster head with the greatest amount of energy for data transmission, and consequently it helps the whole network. CBERP uses the energy tolerance limit to advance selection method of LEACH and to use energy more efficiently. The CBERP can significantly reduce the overhead caused by selecting new headers since it selects a multiple of candidate nodes and appoints one of them the header. This paper described the role of clusters structure in wireless sensor networks also define three – layer mobile node architecture to organize all the sensors in mobile wireless sensor networks based on the new SP (Shortest Path) routing Protocol the proposed protocol has higher efficiency
and can achieve better network lifetime and energy consumption.. Further work is required cluster-head nodes considered one of the factors, residual energy, and transmission Consumption, adjacent node to detect wireless sensor network
References
[1] Samer A. B. Awwad, Chee K. Ng, Nor K. Noordin, and Mohd. Fadlee A. Rasid, "Cluster Based Routing Protocol for Mobile Nodes in Wireless Sensor Network", 2009 IEEE
[2] Maan Younis Abdullah, Gui Wei Hua, "Cluster-based Security for Wireless Sensor Networks", 2009 International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing
[3] CHEN Xuhui YANG Zhiming CHENG Huiyan, "Unequal Clustering Mechanism of LEACH Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks", 2009 World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering
[4] Özgür Sağlam, Mehmet E. Dalkılıç, "A Self Organizing Multihop Clustering Protocol For Wireless Sensor Networks", 2009 Fifth International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks
[5] Do-Seong Kim1 and Yeong-Jee Chung "Self-Organization Routing Protocol Supporting Mobile Nodes for Wireless Sensor Network", Proceedings of the First International Multi-Symposiums on Computer and Computational Sciences 2008
[6] Qing Bian, Yan Zhang, Yanjuan Zhao "Research on Clustering Routing Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks", 2010 International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation
[7] Zhang Jian-wu, Ji Ying-ying, Zhang Ji-ji, Yu Cheng-lei "A Weighted Clustering Algorithm Based Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks", 2008 ISECS International Colloquium on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management
[8] Seungmin Oh, Euisin Lee, Soochang Park, Juhyun Jung and Sang-Ha Kim "Communication Scheme to Support Sink Mobility in Multi-hop Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks", 2010 24th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications
[9] Nahar Sultana, Ki-moon Choi,Eui-nam Huh "Mobility Support Secure Coverage Protocol for Monitoring Applications
using Wireless Sensor Networks", International Conference on Computational Sciences and Its Applications ICCSA 2008
[10] Jing Yang1,2, Mai Xu3, Baoguo Xu1 "A Multipath Routing Algorithm based on Parametric Probability for Wireless
Sensor Networks", 2009 Second International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation
[11] Xiaoxia Huang, Hongqiang Zhai and Yuguang Fang "Lightweight Robust Routing in Mobile Wireless Sensor
Networks", Of_ce of Naval Research under Young Investigator Award 2009
[12] Yu-Chen Kuo, Wen-Tien Yeh, Ching-Sung Chen "A Lightweight Routing Protocol for Mobile Target Detection in Wireless Sensor
Networks", 2009 Fifth International Joint Conference on INC, IMS and IDC
[13] Kunjan Patel∗, Lim Jong Chern†, C.J.Bleakley† and Wim Vanderbauwhede "MAW: A Reliable Lightweight Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocol", 2009 International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering
[14] Lynn Choi and Sang Hoon Lee, Hyohyun Choi "M-MAC: Mobility-Based Link Management Protocol for Mobile Sensor Networks", 2009 Software Technologies for Future Dependable Distributed Systems
[15] Zhi-feng Duan, Fan Guo, Ming-xing Deng and Min Yu, "Shortest Path Routing Protocol for Multi-layer Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks", 2009 International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing
[16] XU Jian-bo, HOU Jia-tao "A new data transmission protocol in Delay Tolerant
Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks",2010 Third International Symposium on Information Processing
[17] Long Cheng∗†, Sajal K. Das†, Jiannong Cao‡, Canfeng Chen§ and Jian Ma "Distributed Minimum Transmission Multicast Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks", 2010 39th International Conference on Parallel Processing
[18] Yan Luo1, 2, Yun Xu1, LiuSheng Huang1, 2, Hongli Xu1 "A Tracking Range Based Ant-Colony Routing Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Network", 2008 The 4th International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks
[19] Li-qiongXIONG, Jian WEN, Wen-wen HUANG, Min YU "The Research of Mobile Fusion-nodes Routes for Data Collection in
Multi-tier Mobile Wireless Sensor Network", 2009 First International Workshop on Education Technology and Computer Science
[20] Seong-Eun Chu1, Dae-Wook Kang1, and Jae-Nam Kim2 "Routing and Data Dissemination over Large-scale Wireless sensor Networks with Multiple Sources and Mobile Sinks", 2008 International Conference on Advanced Language Processing and Web Information Technology
About the Author
SAJID HUSSAIN
MS Telecommunication Engineer
Pakistan Air Force university of Computer Science
and Engineering Technology Karachi Pakistan
sajideli@yahoo.com , or engineer147@hotmail.com
Jae Lee
Popular Korean Stars @ Kwon Sang Woo wedding * 1 *
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Obfuscating the real preventative measures available to women to combat breast cancer, and all cancers for that matter, trusted "authoritative" sources like the Susan G. Komen Foundation publish irresponsible statements like this:
"It is unclear what the exact relationship is between eating fruits and vegetables and breast cancer risk...little, if any link was found between the two in a pooled analysis that combined data from eight large studies."
Have we really come to the point where the commonsense consumption of fruits and vegetables in the prevention of disease can so matter-of-factly be called into question? Do we really need placebo controlled, clinical trials to prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that our bodies can benefit from the phytonutrients and antioxidants in fruits and vegetables in the prevention of cancer?
Examples like these make it increasingly apparent that orthodox medicine, and the world view it represents, are approaching a theoretical end-time perhaps most accurately described as Pharmageddon. Within the horizon of this perspective vitamins are considered toxic, fruits and vegetables simply a source of caloric content (a poor one, at that), and drugs are understood as the only legitimate and for that matter, legal, way to combat disease. Are we really at the tipping point, or is there still hope?
Thanks to thousands of scientific studies extant today on the therapeutic effects of foods, herbs and spices on breast health, we still have a fighting chance to let sanity and good sense inform our decisions about what we use as our medicine. Modern science has increasingly confirmed the veracity of the Hippocratean phrase: "let food be thy medicine," and until a prescription is required to obtain and consume organic food, we have quite an amazing arsenal at our disposal.
1) Cruciferous Vegetables, such as broccoli, kale, collards, cabbage and cauliflower contain a variety of powerful anti-cancer phytochemicals. The isothiocynanate sulfurane and the glucosinolate indole-3 carbinol, in particular, have demonstrated significant in vitro and in vivo activity against breast cancer. Large population studies have demonstrated that those who are in the top quarter percentile of cruciferous vegetable consumption have 50% less chance of developing breast cancer than those in the lowest quarter percentile. This sort of risk reduction is impossible for a drug, and so, it is often played down, lest the oxymoronic farce of pharmaceutical prevention be revealed for what it is.
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2) The Estrogen Connection. Most breast cancer is estrogen receptor positive. For this reason reducing the effects of endogenously created estrogen, and reducing exposure to exogenously created estrogen (e.g. dairy consumption, hormone replace therapy) and estrogen-mimicking molecules (e.g. the leaching of bisphenol-A from plastics, and paraben preservatives in body care products) is crucial in reducing breast cancer risk. Supporting estrogen metabolism with the indole-3 carbinol in cruciferous vegetables, blocking the conversion of androgens into estrogen with aromatase inhibiting foods like white button mushrooms and pomegranate, or aromatase inhibiting herbs like hops, red clover, and grapeseed, and reducing estradiol binding to breast cell receptors with flaxseed lignan and the soy isoflavone genistein, are all ways in which natural substances have been demonstrated to prevent and inhibit breast cancer.
3) Inflammation: the Cox-2 enzyme is over-expressed in most breast cancers, and plays a key role in metastasis. This enzyme's job is to literally burn (oxidize) arachadonic acid, which is its main source of fuel. This process of combustion results in the production of the pro-inflammatory eicosanoid known as prostaglandin E2, which is found in high levels in malignant breast tumors. This entire inflammatory cascade depends on the production of arachadonic acid from the consumption of high levels of polyunsaturated omega 6 fatty acids found in all of those "healthy" grains, seeds and beans (e.g. soy, peanut) we've been told to consume by public and private health organizations. It is excess omega 6 fatty acid consumption, unopposed by sufficient levels of the omega 3 fatty acids, that literally provides the fuel that cancer ultimately feeds off of.
4) The Problem with Calcium: Women are told to consume massive amounts of fossilized calcium/chalk in order to prevent osteoporosis, despite the fact that there is absolutely no evidence demonstrating that thinning and porous bones are caused by a limestone deficiency. Where does all this calcium go? The body in the attempt to protect itself from biologically inappropriate forms of calcium shunts excess into the bone, where through stimulating the bone-building cells (osteoblasts) to replicate prematurely, the replicative potential (i.e. the fixed number of replication cycles available to the osteoblasts throughout one's lifetime) is prematurely exhausted. Although this may contribute to the production of denser bone earlier in life, the bone may not be stronger (glass is dense, but structurally weak), and the pace of bone formation later in life will be outstripped by bone resorption, resulting in higher facture rates, which is exactly the case in high calcium consuming cultures.
Shunting calcium into the bone as a protective mechanism is inefficient and results in the elimination of calcium via other channels, e.g. excreting it through the kidneys, perhaps contributing to the narrowing and calcification of the artery leading to the kidney (nephropathy), and calcification within the kidney itself (kidney stones). The inability to fully rid the body of excess calcium via the bones or excretion via the kidneys and bowel may lead to the deposition of calcium crystals in the joints (osteoarthritis) and the arteries (calcification of the fibrous cap on the atheroma), and arguably into the soft tissue of breasts.
The most common type of breast cancer in American women - mammary ductal carcinoma - is usually discovered in x-ray mammograms by the presence of very small specks of calcium known as microcalcifications. It is likely that in susceptible individuals limestone (calcium carbonate, and the various chelate forms: citrate, gluconate, etc) and bonemeal supplements (also known as calcium phosphorous or calcium hydroxapatite) will not only lead to the calcification of breast tissue, but may exert proliferative effects on that tissue. This theory has gained support by a Queensland researcher, Won Jae Lee, who has identified a mechanism by which excess calcium acts as a mitogen (i.e. stimulating cell division) capable of signaling breast cells to proliferate uncontrollably. By inhibiting the calcium signaling Lee was able to dramatically block the growth of these cancers. Although these findings do not prove calcium supplements cause breast cancer, it raises the possibility that changing the amount and type of calcium in the diet may have profound effects on reducing breast cancer risk.
Numerous other natural substances have demonstrated profound activity against breast cancer, including but not limited to: vitamin D, melatonin, DHEA, black cohosh, red clover, skullcap, cranberry, cats claw, grapeseed, inositol hexaphosphate, walnuts and many more.
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Jae Lee
